Tuesday, June 7, 2005, 1:23:31 PM, Phil Enns wrote: PE> Nonsense. Policing authorities, even guards at Gitmo, are found to have PE> exceeded their powers in acting abusively so it is silly to say that PE> whatever they do is what they had the power to do. The point of the PE> court action was to discern whether the police were empowered, that is PE> had the right, to do what they did. If they had 'absolutely no right to PE> do that' then they would have been found guilty because they did not PE> have the power to act as they did. PE> Julie's confusion lies in equating 'power' with what the individuals are PE> physically able to do. That is, in the case of police acting as police. A man employed as a policeman may have the power to beat me up but not qua policeman. (Equally, armies lack the power to carry out coups.) But you should perhaps consider this. The police have not been granted the power (right) to beat people up, but most have the power (capability) to do so. (As you know.) So you might want to stop insisting on this point -- or adopt one of the synonyms for power that covers this case, or speak of "powers", as in "the powers of the police". -- mailto:judithevans001@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html