John McCreery writes: "Phil's blowing smoke consists of (1) equating power with legal authority ..." Nope. I was only speaking of police powers and not equating it with legal authority but that the powers of the police are given by the authority of government. What authority gives police its powers except the authority of the government? "(2) insisting that 'right' has no meaning different from power in this sense." Again, nope. To say 'the police have no right to ...' is semantically equivalent to 'the police do not have the power to ... ' Instead of making some general comment on the relationship of 'right' to power, something I have not and would not do, I have focused exclusively on these two sentences. Ironically, my initial argument was against the move that John now attributes to me. John continues: "Like Tweedledee and Tweedledum he can make his words mean whatever he chooses." Funny (in an odd way, not ha ha funny - for Paul), but I have been the one insisting that words cannot mean whatever we choose, a delusion afflicting Judy. So, instead of making the move John does, that is in talking about 'right' or 'power' in some general way, I have tried to focus on how we actually use these words. Again ironic how the argument I have been making, that we need to look at how we actually use words, is taken to mean the exact opposite. What John is objecting to is the claim that there are linguistic conventions for determining whether word usage is proper or not. John concludes: "He must, however, IMHO produce an account of revolutions in which revolutionaries are not legally empowered to make the demands for whose sake they overturn a regime, yet, nonetheless, appeal to their 'right' to do so and achieve their objectives without the exercise of "power" in clearly extralegal senses." Obviously, here the use of the word 'right' does not mean the same thing as it does when we are talking about police powers. I don't need to provide an account for every use of the word 'right' in order to attempt to understand what the sentence 'the police have no right to ...'. To think otherwise is to think that every use of the word 'right' (even 'Turn right up here'?) must share some common element. It is this typically philosophical mistake that I have been objecting to all along. So, IMNSHO, to produce the account John would have me produce would be to make the mistake I have been struggling against. Sincerely, Phil Enns Toronto, ON ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html