Thinking can be saying things to oneself under a thin description. Under a thicker description it may be saying things to oneself with the specific heuristic intention of trying to open one's eyes or consolidate one's grasp. It is this specific, experimental intention that is obliterated, Ryle tells us, by sweeping generic slogans such as “Thought is Language” or “Thinking is Saying Things to Oneself”, whether or not this is supplemented by “…and Something Else as Well.” The adverb ‘experimentally’ adds not an extra action but the intention-to-find-out-what-happens-when…. Neither the Reductionist nor the Duplicationist (the Behaviourist or the Cartesian) can account for the adverb ‘experimentally’. Stanford encyclopedia The Top-Down account, that our understandings must begin with the person who understands and, hence, can't be the result, the effect of any understanding, doesn't deny the role of the brain in human functioning, and, more importantly, should be confused with a pan-psychism. Mind isn't there at the start. Nor is it there at the end. It isn't an "It." And isn't anywhere. bruce ========================================= Need Something? Check here: http://ludwig.squarespace.com/wittrslinks/