Eric writes: "I didn't say we were better off without defining images, as if we could suddenly shed them, but they are a means of shielding us from the complexity of life." It makes no sense to talk about the complexity of life without some reference to topoi, places or contexts which identify what is important and what is not and why each is what they are. Put differently, how is it possible to know that life is complex? As I said before, without defining images life is an undifferentiated blur. It seems to me that my one year old daughter's experience of the world would be a good example of what Eric's 'unshielded complexity of life' might look like and I just don't see that as something to strive for. Eric continues: "True, these images orient us by creating frames of identity. But they also simplify. Like maps, they are static but the world is not." It is incoherent to claim that images qua images simplify. If images are too simplistic then one should look for better images. If images by definition can never be adequate then they are not 'more simple'. One might as well claim that language simplifies the world because words are not the same as things. Furthermore, like language, maps are not static since they operate by virtue of relations. (My sister-in-law, a cartographer, gets very upset when people talk of maps as if they were pictures.) As topoi, defining images place things in relation to other things so that understanding is possible. The cognitive value of defining images lies, not in fixing what things mean, but in orienting things in relation to other things. Nothing static here. Sincerely, Phil Enns Toronto, ON ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html