Eric writes that it is rational to prefer chocolate ice cream because it agrees with my conditioned expectations of ice cream taste. I am not quite sure what this means but it is certainly not what is meant by rational. If it were, then every action would, by definition, be rational since it would accord with some conditioned expectation. I have been trying to avoid defining 'rational' since there are at least three distinct traditional accounts of what it means to be rational. Whatever it means to be rational, it must include some account of how it is not a matter of instinct or idiosyncratic. I am not acting rationally but instinctively when I pull my hand away from a flame. I am acting idiosyncratically, not rationally, when I ask for chocolate ice cream rather than vanilla. I do not choose to love my wife but rather just do love my wife. It is rationalistic to believe that there is a reason lying behind pulling my hand away from the flame, preferring chocolate ice cream, and loving my wife. It is the desire to ground human activity in something other than being human. Myself, I don't have enough faith for that. Here I am satisfied with going natural so that, for most of human life, description is all there needs to be. I find the older I get, the less use I have for talk of motives and grounds. I do understand why people are attracted to the metaphysics of 'underlying causes', it's just that, to paraphrase Wittgenstein, my knees are too stiff. Sincerely, Phil Enns Toronto, ON ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html