Alan, TC makes a good argument for nuts that do not have "washer faces" machined on them. The square nuts were more than likely punched from flat sheet or bar stock and that would have exacerbated the problem with burrs on the flat side. The only square nuts I have used since I quit fooling with antique gas engines was when I made a five stamp ore mill battery from some photographs from our Ozonian friend Tel. The mills were sold as sets of castings and fastening hardware so they could be shipped to and assembled in the outback of Oz. All that was necessary was to use local wood timbers to build the frame. There was a blue jillion of carriage bolts, nuts and flat washers that I had to make for that project, but I had fun. The square nuts were made from 3/16" square "keystock" and made the model look more authentic than by using hex nuts and bolts. Carriage bolts required a lot of hand filing to make the square shoulders under the heads. Jesse in the USA I can answer the one about square nuts. The curved side whould be downwards, as the flat side would tend to tear into the surface on the corners unless both were properly machined. Which they usually werent with sq nuts. With the curve at the bottom, then the curve exerts force and continued toghtening flattens the nut so more is bearing down. With a washer, I imagine that the latter is more important as the corners of the nut would / should? be clear of the main surface. (Information also from Tubal Cain.) Alan MODEL ENGINEERING DISCUSSION LIST. To UNSUBSCRIBE from this list, send a blank email to, modeleng-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with the word "unsubscribe" in the subject line.