I can answer the one about square nuts. The curved side whould be downwards, as the flat side would tend to tear into the surface on the corners unless both were properly machined. Which they usually werent with sq nuts. With the curve at the bottom, then the curve exerts force and continued toghtening flattens the nut so more is bearing down. With a washer, I imagine that the latter is more important as the corners of the nut would / should? be clear of the main surface. (Information also from Tubal Cain.) Alan ----- Original Message ----- From: "Jesse Livingston" <fernj1@xxxxxxxxxxxxx> the nut was what we would consider "upside down" in that the crown side was against the lockwasher! Jesse in Tennessee MODEL ENGINEERING DISCUSSION LIST. To UNSUBSCRIBE from this list, send a blank email to, modeleng-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with the word "unsubscribe" in the subject line.