Eric wrote: "Five simultaneous nukes in five major cities not an existential threat? Is Phil really imagining the consequences of such an attack? Yes it would likely be the end of the US. Improperly responded to, it would be the end of all countries." Despite my ability to imagine a great many scenarios that bring about the end of all countries, I still do not believe that a terrorist attack using nuclear weapons constitutes an existential threat. The ability to imagine a state of affairs, for example that the invasion of Iraq would be greeted with cheering and flowers, does not make that state of affairs probable or reasonable. What reasons do I have to support my belief? Despite the terrible loss of life, as well as the damage to property and the economy, the fundamental elements that support the functioning of the U.S. as a state would remain. There would still be a constitution and a legal system. There would still be a political process, at many different levels, for representing the citizens of the U.S., the legislating of new laws and the executing of laws and policies. There would still be law enforcement agencies to ensure law and order in the aftermath. There would still be a military and chain of command capable of projecting its power to a degree that would ensure deterrence against any other nation wanting to take advantage of the situation. There would still be many people who could go about their daily lives doing many of the same things they did previously. There would still be the many political and social relationships that construct the political and social identities of Americans. A terrorist nuclear attack does not represent a broad enough threat to the U.S. to make it an existential threat. It cannot destroy or replace the institutions and traditions that support the functioning of the U.S. state. Compare this kind of attack to the role of the Taliban in Afghanistan or Pakistan, or even the drug cartels in parts of Mexico, where these groups are able to either stop the government from functioning or go so far as replacing the government. In my opinion, these groups represent existential threats to their governments. Al Qaeda, despite the terrible damage it might be able to inflict, does not. Now Eric obviously disagrees, but he hasn't explained why he disagrees beyond stating that he can imagine certain outcomes following a nuclear attack. I hope he doesn't expect that we should be convinced by imaginative constructions and so I look forward to hearing more. Sincerely, Phil Enns Yogyakarta, Indonesia ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html