We have known at least since Leibniz's New Essays on Human Understanding that there must be mental processes of which we are unconscious. How else, Leibniz asks, could a ringing bell wake us? We must hear it before we are aware of its sound. Now neuroscientists suggest that we make decisions up to 10 seconds before we are conscious of making them. See http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121450609076407973.html?mod=blogs John -- John McCreery The Word Works, Ltd., Yokohama, JAPAN Tel. +81-45-314-9324 http://www.wordworks.jp/