"Their findings challenge conventional notions of choice." I've said for years that we don't make choices. We have only compulsions.. The unconscious rules, and most of it's in place before age 6. A child knows if its environment is trustworthy by age 9 months. We are driven throughout our lives by decisions, not "decisions", but decisions that we make in infancy and early childhood, and of course those decisions, all of them unconscious, are gelled in later childhood and adolescence, including decisions to go to war. But of course, let's all now howl that our rights to brainlessly plunk out a kid are being infringed and that's the end of the discussion. --- On Sun, 6/29/08, John McCreery <john.mccreery@xxxxxxxxx> wrote: From: John McCreery <john.mccreery@xxxxxxxxx> Subject: [lit-ideas] Conscious after the fact? To: "Lit-Ideas" <lit-ideas@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>, "ANTHRO-L" <ANTHRO-L@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx> Date: Sunday, June 29, 2008, 3:30 AM We have known at least since Leibniz's New Essays on Human Understanding that there must be mental processes of which we are unconscious. How else, Leibniz asks, could a ringing bell wake us? We must hear it before we are aware of its sound. Now neuroscientists suggest that we make decisions up to 10 seconds before we are conscious of making them. See http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121450609076407973.html?mod=blogs John -- John McCreery The Word Works, Ltd., Yokohama, JAPAN Tel. +81-45-314-9324 http://www.wordworks.jp/