Kirby, Thanks for the very interesting information regarding Kaufmann's translations and explanations of same. One quibble: (Nietzsche was > Austrian, like LW, wasn't proto-Nazi in any way -- would be Kaufmann's > brief on the guy). Surely not. Surely, Kaufmann would know that Nietzsche was born and died in Saxony, Prussia, that he studied at Bonn, that he taught in Switzerland, that after that he summered in Switzerland, but spent his winters in Italy and France on different occasions, but on no account was Austrian. He would know that Nietzsche had been a citizen of Prussia, a part of the German Confederation, but had that annulled to teach at Basel and was thenceforth officially stateless. He'd also know that Nietzsche insisted on his descent from Polish noblemen. Moreover, he'd know that Hitler himself was Austrian, so being Austrian would not preclude being a Nazi, proto- or otherwise. That Nietzsche ended his friendship (and his hero-worship) of Wagner on learning of the latter's anti-Semitism, considering such bigotry to be contrary to his overman ideal would be far more relevant as a brief way of dispensing with the "proto-Nazi" charge. (Similarly, his break with friend and editor, Ernst Schmeitzner, for similar reasons.) (And the history of his sister's selection and redaction of her brother's work on the basis of her own Nazi sympathies would serve in part to address why people might have taken him as such.) JPDeMouy ========================================= Need Something? Check here: http://ludwig.squarespace.com/wittrslinks/