DEAR MARK, Fasten your seatbelt because, when Richard gets home from work, he will give you a thorough description of the methods used to determine paper contrasts for both graded and VC paper. However, in summary, although there are standards of how manufacturers are supposed to determine contrast of their papers, the reality is that, from manufacturer to manufacturer, there are significant variations of the contrast of both graded paper and VC papers for each "number" claimed by them. As long ago as Adam's books, The Print and The Negative, he talked about the significant variations of contrast of #2 papers from manufacturer to manufacturer. Recall that his zone system was based on trying to produce a neg that print nearly perfectly on a "middle" contrast paper and he aimed his process at #2 contrast graded paper. I pass the scepter to Richard. CHEERS! BOB _____ From: pure-silver-bounce@xxxxxxxxxxxxx [mailto:pure-silver-bounce@xxxxxxxxxxxxx] On Behalf Of Sauerwald Mark Sent: Friday, July 26, 2013 2:09 PM To: pure-silver@xxxxxxxxxxxxx Subject: [pure-silver] Contrast grades I understand how a higher number for the contrast of a paper, or for variable contrast papers, using a filter for the higher grade results in a higher contrast print. What I am wondering is if there is any objective measure of what a contrast grade of 'N' is. If I use contrast grade 3 paper from one manufacturer, will I see the same contrast as if I use grade 3 from another manufacturer? I imagine that plotting the exposure vs density you would be able to measure the slope of the curve at some point (perhaps when the density is at a predefined level,) and the steeper the slope, the greater the contrast - and you could define the contrast grades by defining this gradient for each grade has that been done? If so, where is it documented? Mark __________ Information from ESET Smart Security, version of virus signature database 8613 (20130726) __________ The message was checked by ESET Smart Security. http://www.eset.com __________ Information from ESET Smart Security, version of virus signature database 8613 (20130726) __________ The message was checked by ESET Smart Security. http://www.eset.com