See below: Paul Deema <paul_deema@xxxxxxxxxxx> wrote: Neville J [ From Dr. Neville Jones Thu Apr 5 12:01:40 2007 ] It is possible that we do not need liquid fuel thrusters for height adjustments as solar powered electrical thrusters have been developed for this purpose and have been in successful long-term operation since about 1993, I believe. Such a method would negate your comments above. I understand that ion propulsion systems are around 10 times as fuel efficient as chemical fuel combustion engines but all the references I found specified xenon gas as the 'fuel' and this was not mentioned in the example I gave. Further, the fuel specified is found here - The spacecraft propulsion system to take the satellite from GTO to its final geosynchronous orbit employs a 440 N Liquid Apogee Motor with 1594 kg of MON-3 (Mixed Oxides of Nitrogen) and MMH (Mono Methyl Hydrazine). The satellite will be 3-axis body stabilised in orbit using sensors, momentum and reaction wheels, magnetic torquers and eight 10 Newton and eight 22 Newton Reaction Control Thrusters. The satellite has two solar arrays together generating 2,400 Watt of electrical power backed up by two 70 Ah Nickel Hydrogen Batteries that support full payload operation during eclipse period. These fuels are not xenon, and though I cannot state that they cannot be used by an ion propulsion engine, I suggest that they are not so used. This line of enquiry is a carryon from the suggestion that if 'zero gravity' is not found at 22,000 miles altitude, then thrusters could be employed to keep the (stationary) vehicle at that altitude. We've already looked at this and more or less come to the conclusion that not enough fuel was available by orders of magnitude. The suggestion that this might be overcome by supposing that ion thrusters might be in use (oddly not mentioned by the agency in question) then begs the question -- is the electrical energy available sufficient for the task. The maths required here is beyond my ability, and we really have no way of knowing how much is left over after supplying the communications load anyway. But given a starting value for electrical energy available, and factoring in the efficiency of ion propulsion systems and without breaking the laws of thermodynamics, I suspect that you are able to do some rough calculations. How about enlightening us all Neville? Certainly, Paul. The best ion thrusters that I have seen "advertised" were capable of sustaining 15 mN for many years. As you will note from my previous post, though, this thrust would be insufficient to maintain a 3,000 kg satellite at the parking orbit altitude, even under my tentative equation for gravity. I freely admit that this is a problem. As for ion thrusters being "oddly not mentioned," I do not see anything "odd" about such an omission. They are not thought of as being of much interest to the general public anyway. Neville. Paul D Send instant messages to your online friends http://au.messenger.yahoo.com --------------------------------- New Yahoo! Mail is the ultimate force in competitive emailing. Find out more at the Yahoo! Mail Championships. Plus: play games and win prizes.