As told to me, the reason if a litter was larger than allowed the mother could only nurse a certain amount of pups. This might have changed now I am not sure.  Theresa --- On Sat, 9/8/12, Diane <texasgsds@xxxxxxxxx> wrote: The German Shepherd Dog In Word & Picture by v. Stephanitz 1st American version printed in Germany on pg 403. Herr M. M端ller also started... "Special attention must be devoted to the character of both breeding partners. There is no doubt that temperament is inherited and we can see for ourselves, particularly those characteristics which give us the least satisfaction, such as weakness, shyness, drowsiness, and maliciousness. The dog must be lively, and full of fire; the birth must, under no circumstances be weak or shy, because she can not only impart this lamentable characteristic to her young and influence them through the medium of her milk, but later on, she can influence them through the medium of her milk, but later on, she can such tendencies into the growing pups by a wild-dog and un-Shepherd-dog example. She both transmits and educate, and thus exercises a double influence. In reference to the inheriting of mental characteristics, it has not yet been decided, whether more have been inherited from the father than form the mother. We can be certain of this, however, that both parents, as a rule contribute in this respect to the inheritable mass. " ************************************************* Is this why it was required that orphaned GSD puppies had to have a foster GSD mom or they would not be admitted to the stud book? ============================================================================ POST is Copyrighted 2011. All material remains the property of the original author and of GSD Communication, Inc. NO REPRODUCTIONS or FORWARDS of any kind are permitted without prior permission of the original author AND of the Showgsd-l Management. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Each Author is responsible for the content of his/her post. This group and its administrators are not responsible for the comments or opinions expressed in any post. ALL PERSONS ARE ON NOTICE THAT THE FORWARDING, REPRODUCTION OR USE IN ANY MANNER OF ANY MATERIAL WHICH APPEARS ON SHOWGSD-L WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PERMISSION OF ALL PARTIES TO THE POST AND THE LIST MANAGEMENT IS EXPRESSLY FORBIDDEN, AND IS A VIOLATION OF LAW. VIOLATORS OF THIS PROHIBITION WILL BE PROSECUTED. For assistance, please contact the List Management at admin@xxxxxxxxxxx VISIT OUR WEBSITE - http://showgsd.org SUBSCRIPTION:http://showgsd.org/mail.html NATIONAL BLOG - http://gsdnational.blogspot.com/ ============================================================================