I forgot this (interesting, I hope) point from the OED. Before providing the quotes that I have already provided for 'no offence' [sic], the OED goes to define this 'colloquialism', as it calls it: no offence (colloq.): do not take offence; no offence is meant or taken. So we see here that there are _three_ paraphrases involved. The first is an 'imperative': do not take offence. or, as I prefer do not take offence! (to mark it _is_ an imperative). The two others are more of an indicative mode, with different 'verbs': no offence is meant no offence is taken. The third, 'no offence is taken', I take to belong to the addressee, which we should consider under a separate section. I want to consider here the distinction between the imperative-mode and the indicative-mode versions. One feature of the imperative-mode version, 'You do not take offence!' has the simplification that no mental state on the part of the utterer is made explicit. Besides, that is, that the utterer's desire that no offence should be taken by the addressee. But nothing is said about whether the offence is MEANT. This is a good point, because it allows us to define _meant_ offence as an offence _meant_ to be taken as such by the addressee. So it's ALWAYS the effect or response (as Grice would prefer) on the addressee that matters. My idea is that the process is Gricean -- yet sneaky -- in that offence is meant as be taken as such in a Gricean kind of way. Sometimes it works, as when P. Stone takes his friend for his candour. Sometimes it doesn't. Grice seems to have been interested in this sort of communicative process from early in his career. In his 'Meaning' (1948) -- mainly a discussion of Stevenson's _Ethics and language_ then almost fresh from the press, Yale UP -- Grice writes of the case of 'cutting someone on the street' -- The scenario is different from cases of linguistic expression of 'no offence'. But there are some similarities, as to whether the intention that the addressee will take offence be recognised or not. Grice is comparing two cases. In the first he says 'communication' is not achieved: -- As an examiner, I fail a man. I may well cause him humiliation. And, if I am vindictivie, I may intend this effect on his part, and even intend him to RECOGNIZE my intention. Grice's diagnosis: Yet, I should NOT be inclined to say that my failing him _meant_ (in a non-natural way) anything. Comment. One may take sides against this. We may imagine the question to give offence: A: What's the first part of the American constitution? Ritchie: You mean the green cover? A: No, I mean the first _written_ part Ritchie: The title. A: Mmm. No (marks a minus). Think deeper, Dr. Ritchie. It starts with a 'p'. Ritchie: The prolegomena. (A signifies no with her head and marks another minus) Ritchie: the proemium ... the perilipomena. A (smiling tangentially -- telephone rings) Allo? You are getting closer, Dr. Ritchie, but no cigar yet. The second letter is indeed a 'r', and it has two syllables, perhaps one in fasty Scots. Ritchie: I give up! Forget about American nationality! Later that evening, Ritchie finds that they wanted him to say "preamble". So he make take _offence_ at his having _failed_ on that particular section -- He still _got_ American nationality. So the examiner question can be qualified. In any case, Grice wants to contrast it with a second scenario: "Compare that with this. "I cut someone in the street" Grice's diagnosis: "In this case, I DO feel inclined to assimilate this to the cases of non-natural meaning [we have been discussing in this essay], and this inclination seems to me dependent on the fact that I COULD NOT REASONABLY EXPECT HIM to be distressed (indignant, humiliated [-- and I add 'offended', or as having 'taken offence' JLS] UNLESS he recognised my INTENTION to affect him in this way [I'm stretching the example, because it would be odd to shout from the other side of the street, "Offence meant!" or even "No offence meant" as we cut him] The third case, "If my college stopped my salary altogether, I might accuse them of ruining me; if they cut it by one pound, I might accuse them of insulting me; with some larger cuts I might not know quite what to say." We could imagine written statements for that The Body St. John's College, Oxford Mr. Grice Banbury Road Oxford. Dear Mr. Grice, No offence, but we are cutting your salary by one pound. Cheers, [illegible] ---------------------- Dear Mr. Grice No offence [meant to be taken by you] but we stopping your salary altogether. The position is still holdable as an honorary one -- and with a right to the Friday ecumenical service and bring-and-share. Cheers, [illegible] ----- Dear Grice, Due to the restrictions of the post-war depression that the whole varsity and indeed dear old country ('we must all stick together') is suffering, we are cutting your salary by (pounds) 150. Do not take offence! It can happen to anybody Cheers, [illegible] --- Grice was very fastidious as to what type of reaction he would assume in each case, depending on the sum -- no doubt the reactions may vary from one individual to the other. P. Stone says that "No offence" ALWAYS is offensive. It's an underhand expression that brings offence as a topic. I agree. I'm surprised Mark Antony used it for Cleopatra (in Shakespeare) who he was hoping to mate with. Strawson's point in "Freedom and Resentment" -- an essay Grice loved as the ONLY type of moralistic philosophy he could swallow from a philosopher -- and this because Strawson was his friend and former tuttee -- is that we can only TAKE offence at acts which spring from the autonomy (so Okshewski has no say on this matter). Thus, if a giraffe, during a safari, piss you on the face -- as you observe her from a convertible, you CANNOT take offence. (with the giraffe, perhaps with the driver). -- Parrots are different. If somebody dies of cancer and therefore causes you to have to attend a funeral in the meaning of nowhere, you still cannot _take offence_ at the dead or dying person, because her disease was, ceteris paribus, not something she could control. If somebody is a maniac-depressive and offends you, you should NOT take offence if you understand that the person was under severe medical treatment. This limits, Strawson, says the cases only to what Grecian students do. They recall a case when they had this Balkan student, who bribed Gardiner into allowing the Balkan student for an overnight visit to London. The Oxford philosophers spent a whole Saturday morning discussing ways of expressing that one HAD taken offence. Nowell-Smith, in the role of the straight man, said that the proper way to signify that one has taken offence would be to say, NIKOLAIDES enters room, offers money and says, "I hope that you will not be offended by this somewhat Balkan approach". GARDINER: (i) I do not take bribes on principle. (Nowell-Smith's suggestion) (ii) No, thanks (Austin's suggestion) Nowell-Smith went on discussing whether the implicature here was that Gardiner did take offence. Austin's suggestion seems to imply that a MINOR offence was taken, and that you do not need to _explicate_ (as per an explicature_) the reason for your taking offence, but keep the conversation smoothly Oxonian all the time. Cheers, J. L. Speranza, Buenos Aires, Argentina JL ************************************** See what's new at http://www.aol.com