On 10/6/07, Donal McEvoy <donalmcevoyuk@xxxxxxxxxxx> wrote: > > > > > 1) Why assume there is no looseness in the world i.e. assume determinism? > > > Why, indeed? But here you stand on the side of Voltaire, who, following the Great Lisbon Earthquake, satirized Leibniz's view that this is the best of all possible worlds in Candide. Leibniz's answer, as I understand it is that nothing in the world happens unless God wills it and God knows what God is doing. Thus, everything follows with perfect, implacable logic from God's premises. Our failure to recognize the logic is due to our being monads further down the Great Chain of Being, with our knowledge obscured in proportion to our distance from God. To us of little faith and modern confusions, this view of things may appear absurd. It is, however, a straightforward extrapolation of Predestination, a world view still widely embraced at the time Leibniz was writing, when Calvinism was, in more than one sense, the rage. John -- John McCreery The Word Works, Ltd., Yokohama, JAPAN Tel. +81-45-314-9324 http://www.wordworks.jp/