If you shoot the murderer, you can protect the innocent and not lie, all at the same time. Guessing that Kant has painted himself cornerly by his requirement that a moral principle must be universalisable rather than accept that morally right action depends on the perceived situation or the specific moral problem. Someone who will not lie to save life in the Gestapo situation is warped in their sense of values: and someone who is out to kill and thus not treat another as an end-in-themselves, surely can be treated as a means-to-an-end where that end is preventing murder? [Kant believed in the death penalty]. On a practical note, PE's answer is implausible on two grounds - the task of 'not lying' can be made practically impossible by sufficiently direct questioning; and evading the question may lead to inferences being drawn that are as damning as telling the outright truth would be. Donal Awaiting someone who will say that Kant doesn't actually mean to say the Gestapo or murderer should, in practice, be told the truth - otherwise, you wouldn't want to hide at his place or anywhere he knew ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html