Object Oriented programming is all about reuse so our java guys made a universal update statement that updates all columns in a table, even unchanged columns. I know its bad, but its a major re-write to change this. I was digging through the otn docs and some books and everything that leads me to this requires a significant amount of reading. Multiple chapters etc... anyone know a short article that explains undo and redo along with diagrams and why its bad to update unchanged columns that is easy for a non-oracle person to follow? checked the concepts doc, but they would probably have to read 50-70 pages to get the basic idea. -- //www.freelists.org/webpage/oracle-l