While we are on the subject of electronic controllers... Quite a few claim to be regenerative. That is, they will put energy back into the batteries whilst using the motor as a brake. Usually, our battery locos use permanent magnet motors. At full speed, the back emf generated by the motor will be a little less that the supply voltage. As the loco slows down, this voltage will fall, so how can it be sufficient to "push" current back into the battery? I know that chopping the current will produce inductive spikes which would be sufficient to overcome the battery voltage, but is that how they do it? JohnP MODEL ENGINEERING DISCUSSION LIST. To UNSUBSCRIBE from this list, send a blank email to, modeleng-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with the word "unsubscribe" in the subject line.