Tim said: >I'm always surprised of the inaccuracy of the bombing results in WW11 as you say Peter. And anyone who says the crews lacked valour or determination can see me outside.< The number who were needlessly killed because the conditions didn't allow accurate navigation was a disgrace. After the introduction of Gee and H2S, and what became Loran A ( and 'Sky Wave synchronised' Loran A in the eastern Med) things changed - also when they learned to use the German's 'Sonne' system when over the Bay of Biscay.. But the USAAC did no better - they lost a lot of planes on ferrying out to Hawaii because they were navigating using Mercator projection maps rather than great circle or gnomic projection. It was even worse when they were going beyond Hawaii further southwest. A major reduction in the number lost was the use of the FCC HF DF stations in Hawaii. But even the RN weren't beyond this type of error - the hunt for the Bismarck was delayed because the bearings given by UK based DF were plotted on Mercator projection in the task force, instead of gnomic. The ergonomics of some of the 'planes was incredibly bad, too. Just look at the radio operator's installation in the Halifax! Peter Chadwick Swindon MODEL ENGINEERING DISCUSSION LIST. To UNSUBSCRIBE from this list, send a blank email to, modeleng-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with the word "unsubscribe" in the subject line.