Hi Karyn, I start with targeting the item in my hand. than mouthing it... than take than hold than give I than put the item on my lap...and repeat above... than at my feet or on the foot of my chair... than a foot away from my chair than 2 feet.... I put it on a stool, chair, couch, bed, table etc.... My thinking is that every thing returns to my hand.... this is 'my' way of teaching a working retrieve.... Best Wishes & Wags, Diane & Raven APDT#72225 http://AssistanceDogJournal.net http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Golden_Paw_ADC/ "My Assistance Dog is not my whole life, but she makes my life whole"~D.L.Shotwell