_____ The other puppies may, but don't necessarily, carry the black recessive. They could have gotten each parent's other gene (the not black gene--you didn't say what color the parents are although I assume they're black and tan since the babies are not sable.) Your four puppies, one black, three black and tan is a PERFECT example of the usual genetic averages. With parents carrying black factor but not being black, chances are 25% of your pups will be black (that's 1 in 4, lol) and 50% will carry black but be black and tan (that's 2 of 4) and 25% (one pup) will be and carry only black and tan. I forgot to mention that both parents of these puppies are black & red. The mother's sire was solid black. The mother's dam is black and red. She (the grandmother) came out of a litter with three solid black siblings and her parents (puppies' great grandparents) were black & red (sire) and black & tan (dam). So, in these four generations, there was only one solid black not counting my puppy. The genetic average is less than 25% because two puppies were born dead in this litter (6 total) and they were both black & tan males. This is fascinating stuff! Pat ============================================================================ POST is Copyrighted 2005. All material remains the property of the original author and of GSD Communication, Inc. NO REPRODUCTIONS or FORWARDS of any kind are permitted without prior permission of the original author AND of the Showgsd-l Management. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. ALL PERSONS ARE ON NOTICE THAT THE FORWARDING, REPRODUCTION OR USE IN ANY MANNER OF ANY MATERIAL WHICH APPEARS ON SHOWGSD-L WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PERMISSION OF ALL PARTIES TO THE POST AND THE LIST MANAGEMENT IS EXPRESSLY FORBIDDEN, AND IS A VIOLATION OF LAW. VIOLATORS OF THIS PROHIBITION WILL BE PROSECUTED. For assistance, please contact the List Management at admin@xxxxxxxxxxxx VISIT OUR WEBSITE - http://www.showgsd.org ============================================================================