LH> You can't dismiss Edward Said because he is critical. I said he was neither an historian nor a Marxist. LH>And you are wrong to say that John Esposito is not an historian. I can find no reference to his studying history. (I agree he has edited historical works). He is not (unless I have missed something relating to this) a Marxist. LH>The term used to encompass history, sociology, economy, LH>etc in America is "Area Studies" 1. we use Area Studies here too, to mean -- as in the US -- the inter- or multi-disciplinary *study of an area*. 2. Neither here nor in the US are historians (etc.) who focus on an *area* necessarily members of an Area Studies Department or Centre. (Examples on request.) 3. John Esposito (who studied theology as an undergraduate) is Professor of Religion and International Affairs at Georgetown. He's also head of its Centre for Muslim-Christian Understanding. He seems to be a director of its School of Foreign Service there. LH>I use the term "historian" but Universities and the LH> government use the term "studies" or "area studies." (I already said this but) THIS IS NOT TRUE. See here http://www.historians.org/ http://www.yale.edu/history/ http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~history/ (etc. etc. etc. etc.) LH>I have no wish to go into the development of historical, LH>sociological, economical studies in American universities LH>each time I discuss the influence of Marxist-oriented LH>historians on American "Middle-Eastern Studies." Given that the Marxist-oriented historians you name aren't Marxists or historians (actually I may be being unfair about Esposito, it may be he could be considered an historian) and that you seem to know little about anything in US universities, that may be just as well. LH>It seems to be easier to get Title VI money if you use the word studies. Now you're getting somewhere: *Area* Studies does sometimes attract more money. LH>Thus, Esposito graduated in Islamic studies at Temple University in 1974. His doctorate's from Temple. His first degree's in Theology. (I read.) (Whatever.) LH>And I have mentioned another Marxist who strongly LH>influenced the attitude of the Muslims in the Middle LH>East who were becoming Militant, Franz Fanon I think you must mean *a* Marxist. Franz Fanon (1925- 1961) was a doctor (a psychiatrist). Still, eventually you found a Marxist. (NB, not a Leninist.) I didn't know Fanon was an influence on present-day militant Islamists, he was certainly an influence on Steve Biko and Che Guevara (oh, he seems to have influenced the Palestinians, the Tamils, and the Irish -- and of course, the African-Americans, I'd expect that). Judy Evans, Cardiff ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html