The new science of complexity deals with systems that are networked, robust, emergent, diverse, and independent. Outcomes of such systems are not subject to linear equations or display Bell Curve distributions. Rather they are subject to "power laws," which can result in sudden and dramatic change. Examples include chess, economies, diplomacy, traffic patterns, electrical distribution systems.and consciousness. From: lit-ideas-bounce@xxxxxxxxxxxxx [mailto:lit-ideas-bounce@xxxxxxxxxxxxx] On Behalf Of Andy Sent: Tuesday, October 18, 2011 11:18 AM To: lit-ideas@xxxxxxxxxxxxx Subject: [lit-ideas] Re: Hitchens Arguably on John Brown On a Venn diagram coincidence and probability would partially overlap with most of the circles not overlapping. Coincidences are by definition unrelated, random events. I'm having a hard time reconciling probability and random. Andy From: Donal McEvoy <donalmcevoyuk@xxxxxxxxxxx> To: "lit-ideas@xxxxxxxxxxxxx" <lit-ideas@xxxxxxxxxxxxx> Sent: Tuesday, October 18, 2011 9:57 AM Subject: [lit-ideas] Re: Hitchens Arguably on John Brown From: Andy <mimi.erva@xxxxxxxxx> >I could be misunderstanding, but it seems to me that probability would be different from coincidence.> When I had written:- >When we speak of a coincidence, even a 'pure coincidence' or a 'staggering coincidence', we are all either talking loosely or we are straying into an area that requires understanding of probabilities and indeed the various 'philosophies' of probability.> This does not say that coincidence cannot be differentiated from probability but rather that, if we are to rationally understand "coincidence", we need to understand probabilities. It is a coincidence that the gender of the next poster after this is the same as mine (and it's a coincidence if it is not); but this coincidence is hardly significant or striking given the probabilities involved. When we point out a coincidence it is usually because we are assuming that the probabilities involved are noteworthy: we might note that someone is wearing the exact same rare t-shirt as us but not the coincidence that they are also wearing a t-shirt or clothes at all. A person who utters "What a coincidence!" when finding others in western society also wearing footwear, or having two eyes, belongs in a discarded Monty Python sketch. Put another way, try developing a theory or account of 'coincidences' [including what distinguishes a remarkable from an unremarkable coincidence] that does not involve understanding probabilities. Donal Coincidentally avoiding his responsibilities elsewhere Probably England