But Philip: how do you know that "that the sun reaches its Zenith (highest point) at the same time every day of the year.." without (any kind - whatsoever - of) Sundial ??? Marc I look at the shadow of a vertical stick in the ground.. At mid-day local longitudinal time, it is in the same position, every day when it is alwqys the shortest shadow. ie longer before and after midday. Proportionately of course all the shadows get longer and shorter with the seasons.. I didn[t know this till I had to start checking on the sun angles for mypanels.. Of course I'm only 8 months into it but so far so good.. Phil