Wallace Coffey and Area Birders, Wallace, thank you for your ideas concerning Northern Mockingbirds expanding their nesting range to Buchanan County. One part of your reply especially intrigued me - that concerning the lack of Northern Mockingbirds in Eastern Kentucky. I know as a boy growning up in Pike County I never saw a mockingbird there. However, I remembered seeing one a couple of months ago in Elkhorn City KY, while visiting relatives there. Since reading your message I have been in contact with some birders in that area, and it seems that without us having realized it the mockers have moved into that part of Pike County. My wife's uncle, who lives there, said that this spring he had a nest of mockers in his yard, and that he was attacked by one of them when he ventured too close to the shrub where the nest was located. He said he was used to seeing mockingbirds in the area. Another fellow, who lives in Elkhorn City, KY said the species had nested first in his neighbor's yard, then in his yard for at least 10-12 years. One of the reasons he remembers is that his wife gets upset because the mockers bully the wrens that nest there also. Another bird savvy friend originally from Letcher County KY, said that he, when growning up there, never saw mockingbirds, but now, when he visits his father in Whitesburg, KY, does see them there during the breeding season. If the Buchanan County birds are the result of an expansion of the range from the Eastern KY birds, this would be compatible with species expansion along the river drainages, in this case (as you mentioned) the Levisa and Tug Fork, both tributaries of the Big Sandy River system. Regarding mockingbirds nesting in WV, another birding friend, who lives and works in Mingo County along the Tug Fork, tells me that he has been seeing mockingbirds there during the breeding season for several years, though he didn't have an exact date. I also talked with a couple of veteran birders from WV. I was told that mockers are nesting in Raleigh and Greenbrier Counties and have been for some time. I also checked with Jim Phillips, the naturalist and avid birder at Pipestem State Park in Summers County WV. According to his records mockingbirds have been nesting in that county for the past 30 years. So it seems that Buchanan County has been an island in the midst of these expanding nesting areas, so I suppose it was just a matter of time before they moved in. Enjoy the birds, Roger Mayhorn Compton Mt Buchanan County VA Roger Mayhorn and Area Birders, I will take a chance speculating why the mockingbird has expanded its range to include heavily forested Buchanan County. First, congratulations on filling in another gap in our aviabase of bird distribution in the region. It is a significant contribution. You guys have been well focused on a good local distribution problem. You kept your minds on the question and your mind was prepared when the chances presented themselve (a Pasture belief). Mockers have been extending their range slowly north for much of the last century. The surrounding mountain counties in Kentucky and West Virginia are about as void of mockingbirds as is Buchanan County. The rest of Southwest Virginia is getting extension of range from lower drainage influnces to the south and east such as the Tennessee River and New River where the mockingbird population is more dense. I think the bigger picture is that Buchanan Co. is not as much influenced by most of the same factors as some of its neighboring counties in Southwest Virginia. That explains, in my view, why Russell and even Tazewell counties have more mockingbirds. It appears that some of your bird distribution issues may be closer connected to the influnce of the Big Sandy River drainage of Kentucky. Russell, Wise, etc. are in the Upper Tennessee River Basin and the Virginia Cumberlands. Mockingbirds are more abundant and wider distributed in Tennessee than in Kentucky. Often, when a species extends it range north it moves up the rivers and drainages. When a northern species extends south it comes down the mountain ridges. The mocker is at its greatest abundance in the lowlands, particularly in tidewater and piedmont. Its upper altitudinal distribution range is about 3,000 feet elevation. So you can share our pleasure when 18 May 2005, Mike Hagy, Randy Smith, Ron Harrington and myself had a Northern Mockingbird in Burke's Garden. I would simply venture that your lack of mockingbirds is because you are so much more like your surrounding areas of West Virgnia and particularly Kentucky. Maybe your breeding mockers have "hopped" over into your mountain top area of the Big Sandy and it's Levisa and Tug forks, etc. The mocker is extremely sparse all around you in the Kentuck counties of Pike, Letcher, Knott, Floyd and Martin. I doubt if there is a breeding record in any of the Eastern Kentucky counties near you other than Floyd. It is almost as scare in McDowell, Wyoming and Mercer counties of West Virginia. Brainard Palmer-Ball, Jr. states that the mocker will nest wherever it finds land distrubted by man and, today, is restricted to such areas. He says it has likely increased dramatically in response to human alteration of the landscape. He says it is rarely reported from forested areas but has occupied abandoned farmland, rural roadways and reclaimed surface mines. "In heavily forested areas, mockingbirds seem to be restricted to opnings surrounding rural homsteads," Palmer-Ball, Jr. wrote (1996). Perhaps that explains why your breeding mockers are in your opening on your ridgetop in the tree in your yard :-) Whatever, enjoy and great work ! Let's go birding..... Wallace Coffey Bristol, TN