I am assuming a full-wave rectified signal. There is no negative half cycle. The negative half-cycle has been converted to a positive half-cycle through full wave rectification. Assume the diode voltage drops are zero!! I am assuming an ordinary analog meter --- no switches, no internal circuitry. Just a coil and a magnet! full scale equates to one volt (DC). (Alternatively, assume a 1 mA DC current meter with a series 1K resistor). The reason I ask the question is that I expect the answer to be the average value. But I have just traced the circuit for a commercially available VOM and the circuit is designed as if the answer is the RMS value. I am trying to understand why. Doug Hi all, I know I must have learned this in school, but now I'm not sure of the answer! Assume I have a full-wave rectified sine wave of low frequency. Assume the magnitude is 1.0 Volt peak (zero to peak). Assume I apply this wave form across an ordinary 1 Volt analog meter. What does the meter read? The RMS value (.707 Volts) or The average value (.636 Volts) Doug _______________________________________________________________________________ UltraCAD Design announces availability of its new book "Signal Integrity Issues in PCB Design" Details at www.ultracad.com ------------------------------------------------------------------ To unsubscribe from si-list: si-list-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with 'unsubscribe' in the Subject field or to administer your membership from a web page, go to: //www.freelists.org/webpage/si-list For help: si-list-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with 'help' in the Subject field List archives are viewable at: //www.freelists.org/archives/si-list or at our remote archives: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/si-list/messages Old (prior to June 6, 2001) list archives are viewable at: http://www.qsl.net/wb6tpu