http://www.devx.com/Intel/Article/30125/1763 the rings of power... I believe, it controls access to hardware, but didn't read a whole lot... I will read more later, as I have seen that to, but haven't really needed to read about it. HTH, Tyler Littlefield. Check out our website: http://tysplace.the-leetest.net check out my blog: livejournal.com/~tylerrl [my programs don't have bugs, just randomly added features] [failure is not an option, it comes bundled with windows!] ----- Original Message ----- From: "Mike Gorse" <mike@xxxxxxxxxx> To: <program-l@xxxxxxxxxxxxx> Sent: Thursday, January 05, 2006 2:17 PM Subject: [program-l] Re: assembly help? > Hi Mark, > > Your reply reminded me that the only CPU I ever really understood well (even > at the software level) was the 8086. I know a lot of general things about > what later CPUs can do but don't understand them well and don't really know > much about 32-bit assembly. Is it ever necessary to use it nowadays? If > so, can you recommend any books or web sites that would explain the newer > processors? I was once looking at documentation for dosemu (a program that > can run DOS on Linux, sort of like vmware or VirtualPC but more limited). > It discussed certain programs and said that they wouldn't work because they > need "ring 0 access," and I still don't know what that is. Even if I don't > need to understand these things right now, it might be good to have an idea > where to look for reference. > > Thanks, > -Mike G- > > ----- Original Message ----- > From: "Mark Long" <Mark.Long@xxxxxxxxxxxxx> > To: <program-l@xxxxxxxxxxxxx> > Sent: Thursday, January 05, 2006 4:16 PM > Subject: [program-l] Re: assembly help? > > > Mmmm. 16 bit code code designed to run in DOS. > ... > > ** To leave the list, click on the immediately-following link:- > ** [mailto:program-l-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx?subject=unsubscribe] > ** If this link doesn't work then send a message to: > ** program-l-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx > ** and in the Subject line type > ** unsubscribe > ** For other list commands such as vacation mode, click on the > ** immediately-following link:- > ** [mailto:program-l-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx?subject=faq] > ** or send a message, to > ** program-l-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with the Subject:- faq ** To leave the list, click on the immediately-following link:- ** [mailto:program-l-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx?subject=unsubscribe] ** If this link doesn't work then send a message to: ** program-l-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx ** and in the Subject line type ** unsubscribe ** For other list commands such as vacation mode, click on the ** immediately-following link:- ** [mailto:program-l-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx?subject=faq] ** or send a message, to ** program-l-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with the Subject:- faq