[nasional_list] [ppiindia] Tidak Ada Pornografi Perkosaan Lebih Sedikit
- From: A Nizami <nizaminz@xxxxxxxxx>
- To: Indonesia Raya <indonesiaraya@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>, ppiindia@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx, lisi <lisi@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>, sabili <sabili@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
- Date: Fri, 17 Feb 2006 01:38:21 -0800 (PST)
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** Beasiswa dalam negeri dan luar negeri S1 S2 S3 dan post-doctoral
scholarship, kunjungi
http://informasi-beasiswa.blogspot.com **Berikut hasil riset dari West Virginia
University.
Salah satu cara riset mereka dengan membuat 2 kelompok
manusia. Satu kelompok diperlihatkan tontonan porno,
dan yang lain tidak. Ternyata memang kelompok yang
menonton tontonan porno secara seksual lebih agresif.
Detak jantung dan tekanan darah meningkat dan ketika
diwawancarai wanita yang pria jadi lebih agresif
secara seksual.
Di antara point2nya:
1. Setiap wanita di AS punya peluang 33% untuk
diperkosa.
2. Sejak tahun 1960 perkosaan meningkat seiring dengan
maraknya pornografi.
3. Pemerkosa lebih banyak membaca/menonton
bacaan/video porno.
4. Pornografi memang berdampak. Kebanyakan dampak
negatif.
5. Tidak adanya porno bukan berarti tidak ada
perkosaan. Tapi minimal perkosaan jadi berkurang.
Unit 8 - Pornography
General Purpose: To become aware of the effects of
pornography on our behavior.
Unit Outline
I. What is Pornography? mediated sexually explicit
message.
A. Pornos and graphe
1. Pornos - means of or pertaining to
prostitution
2. Graphe - means to transmit
B. Erotica, Hard Core, and Soft Core - the
problem of individual
taste (the good, the bad, and the naughty)
C. The Problem of Personal Preference - while
people argue about how
"bad" a message has to be in class we will
look only at the most
explicit, XXX-rated messages.
II. Definitions of Obscenity
A. Conceptual
1. Appeals to the Prurient - message
leaves you
feeling, longing with desire, arouses,
etc.
2. Patently Offensive - no argument that
everyone was
offended.
3. Utterly Lacking in Redeeming Value
4. Community Standards - community must
agree on the
above 3.
B. Comparing Pornography to Obscenity is a
legal
determination.
III. Exposure and Consumption (1986 Commission Report)
A. Dollar Expenditures
In 1992, Americans spent $15 billion on
pornographic
material. As a comparison, Americans spent
$12 billion
on sneakers.
B. VCR Rentals
In 1992, over $2 billion was spent renting
porno videos
(about 15% of all video rentals). There are
over 10,000
video titles available. Approximately 1,500
new titles
come out per year.
C. Computer Sex
1. Bulletin Boards
2. Explicit Software
D. Phone Sex - 1 service in 1 year made $180
million
(averaged 800,000 phone calls daily).
E. Sex Differences in Use
1. Females (Lawrence & Herold, 1988)
a. Women rarely use hard core porno
material.
b. Women reported that their exposure
came from
partners.
c. Those exposed are more sexually
experienced
(more partners).
2. Males (Demare, Briere, & Lips, 1988)
a. Most men report that they have had
exposure
and use it.
b. 15% of men report that they
regularly use
violent messages.
F. College Adults in the 1990's
(Booth-Butterfield, 1998)
1. Method
2. Demographics
3. Results
a. Past Year Usage
b. Sex Differences
c. Buy it?
d. Attitudes
G. Conclusions about Exposure and Consumption -
we spend a fair
amount of time and money; big economy that
cannot be supported
only by dirty old men --- too big.
IV. Content of Pornography (Malamuth & Billings,
1986)
A. Types of Porno Investigated - content
analysis on print porno
B. Major Themes in Male-Oriented Pornography
1. Relation-less Sexuality and Sexual
Euphoria - no
relationship, fantasy orientation,
etc.
2. Macho Studs and Their Pleasure Vessels
3. Violence against Women
C. Conclusions
1. Messages are aimed toward male
consumers.
2. Not an accurate rendition of how things
are.
V. Immediate Effects of Pornography
A. An Interesting Example (Zanna et al., 1990)
1. Method - recruited men who had more
traditional
gender roles. One group was shown a
porno movie
and the other was not. Then women were
asked to
interview the men.
2. Results - women clearly saw a
difference (those who
saw the porno movie were more active,
etc.). Men
that saw the porno movie remembered the
women and
not the interview questions.
B. Research on Immediate Effects
1. Physiological - monitored blood
pressure, heart
rate, etc. Both Men and women get
physiologically
aroused.
2. Behavioral - Younger people tend to
model but older
people see pornography as a motivator.
3. Cognitive
a. Strong attitudinal response - they
either like it or not.
b. Very strong attention effects
c. Very strong memory effects
4. Variations of Response by Types of
People - there
are age and sex differences. Women
will have a
response but not as intense. Younger
people are
much more reactive than older people.
VI. Repeated Exposure (Zillmann & Bryant, 1982; 1984;
1988)
A. Background on Repeated Exposure Studies
1. Long term experiments have been done.
2. Research is a little more naturalistic
(use cover story)
3. Most controversial. Bryant has gotten
death
threats for publishing this info.
B. Methods of this Research
1. Participants - wide range of adults
(18-middle age)
2. Cover Story - revolves around a
marketing study.
For example, we've been hired by a
cable TV company
and would like you to preview movies
but were
warned that they might see
adult-oriented movies.
3. Basic Procedure
a. Lasts 6 weeks (every Wednesday
night for 2 hours)
b. Assigned to random diets of
pornography. One
group views no porno, another
group views 50%
porno, and the last group views
all porno.
c. After exposure, they were
surveyed.
4. Outcomes Assessed - cognitive,
emotional, behavioral
C. Cultivation Effects - see page 93
D. Attitudes toward Sexual Violence - see page
93
E. Sexual Satisfaction and Happiness - see page
94
F. Desensitization Effects - see page 95
G. Preference for New and Unusual Pornography -
see page 96
H. Summarizing Massive Exposure Effects
1. Methods of Research - can make causal
statements
2. General Pattern of Outcomes - more
porno, more anti-social effect
3. Consistent and Reliable Pattern -
effect holds across age, gender
4. Powerful and Compelling Research
VII. Prosocial Effects (Malamuth and Billings, 1986)
A. Marital Counseling - Porno videos are a
standard
treatment (even used by Christian
counselors).
B. Sex Education - motivates sexual behavior
but more
responsible.
C. Artistic Expression
D. Entertainment - biggest use
E. Conclusions - most people use pornography on
a prosocial
basis.
VIII.Antisocial Effects
A. Obscenity - sometimes used as a harassment
strategy to
get a community cleaned up.
B. Kiddie Porn - 3 crimes (illegal to have sex
with kids,
film, and distribute). Feds estimate a $2
billion
economy (totally underground).
C. Street Crime - effected by the presence or
absence of
pornography. For example, Cincinnati zoned
the red light
district and street crime decreased.
D. Organized Crime - in 1986, the Feds
estimated that the
mob made $4 billion on production and
distribution of
pornography.
E. Conclusions about anti-social effects -
indirect
IX. Pornography and Sexual Assault
A. Likelihood of Sexual Assault - women face a
1 in 3 chance
that it will occur in their life. Sexual
assault is one
of the most unreported crimes. Usually
occurs between
individuals that know each other - date
rape.
B. Can Porno Be Linked to Assault? Since the
60's, there
has been an increase in reporting of sexual
assault and
more pornography is available - some people
see a link.
C. What Causes Aggression? (Malamuth & Briere,
1986) - see
page 100
X. Person Characteristics Related to Sexual Assault
A. Date Rape by Men (Koss & Leonard, 1984) -
men read a
scenario. Scenarios varied with sexual
encounters. Men
were asked to indicate whether they had been
in these
situations.
1. 10-15% identified themselves as being
in a "rape"
situation
B. A "Normal" Pathology (Kanin, 1985) -
conducted clinical
interviews of self-confessed date rapists
and found no
difference between this group and those that
did not date
rape.
1. Found that date rapists used more
pornography
2. Date rapists generally were more
aggressive and had
more sexual experience.
C. Rape Myth Acceptance (Burt, 1980) - see page
193
1. Men who score higher on the rape myth
scale are
more likely to admit to date rape.
D. Likelihood of Raping (Malamuth, 1981
If you had the chance to rape a woman and
knew you would
not be caught and punished, what is the
likelihood you
would do so? 75-85% said they would not
E. Arousal to Violent Pornography - most men
tend to lose
their erection when seeing a violent rape.
F. Pornography's Effect On Person
Characteristics - when men
are exposed to pornography, the rape myth
scores
increase. As you are exposed to porno, you
become more
accepting to sexual violence.
XI. Situation Characteristics (Allen, D'Alessio, &
Brezgel, 1995)
A. Basic Set-up - female takes blood pressure
of male
and hurts him then insults him. Then
teacher
learner experiment (male shocks
female).
B. Meta-Analysis Characteristics
C. Add "Standard" Pornography - males does less
shocking after viewing standard porno.
D. Add Aggressive Pornography (or Slasher Film)
- shot
2 endings
1. "positive victim response" - fits the
rape
myth. Males gives much higher
levels of shock
(seeing rape myth disinhibits
male).
2. "negative victim response" - males
don't shock
under these circumstances (reduces
male
aggressiveness).
3. Add Person Characteristics - show
positive response
and male gives highest level of
shocking
E. Gender Effects - Men vs. Women
1. Who is more aggressive? - equal effects as
aggression
2. Who is aggressed against more?
- Women "victims" attacked
- Men "victims" not attacked
XII. Violent Porno and Effects on Sexual Violence
A. Exposure Increases Person Characteristics -
after
exposure to porno, changes us as people. It
changes our
view of sexual violence.
B. Exposure Increases Situational Risk -
violent porno can
predispose us.
C. Person Not Aware of Impact
XIII. Concluding Remarks
A. Pornography Does Influence - most of the
effects are
negative.
B. No Porno, No Problem? No, but there would
be fewer
sexual assaults.
C. Education's Moderating Role - when adults
are exposed to
this information, it does change them -
porno loses its
power. It can moderate the negative
effects.
D. Ethics, Individual Choice, and Society
http://www.as.wvu.edu/~sbb/comm80/lecture/unit9.htm
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