My last post today. In a message dated 1/5/2014 4:49:45 A.M. Eastern Standard Time, donalmcevoyuk@xxxxxxxxxxx writes: Though he says many kind things, like "Drive carefully, mummy" when his mother goes to work, adults who incur his displeasure (including his mother) are frequently admonished "Not coming to my birthday party" [severest punishment in his world]. Recently we were alone together and, having again been admonished for some infraction, eventually I asked "How then would I be able to give you your present?" He thought for a few seconds - then gestured 'Hold on and watch' with his tiny hands, walked to door, bent down, made motions as if leaving objects there, then looked at me with voila expression to see whether I understood I would be able leave presents at the door. --- Delightful. One reason behind this may be in Grice's choice of 'utter' rather than anything more specific. Grice wants to stick with 'utter', since it seems obvious that utterers _mean_ (or 'signify', as the Latinism goes). Note that the 'utterance' (or 'utteratum', as Grice prefers) may not be linguistic (in any sense). Still, I think the Griceian is committed to the idea that BEHIND the utterance, there is a psychological attitude (usually belief, but also desire) which SEEMS to have some sort of 'determinate' content. Note that McEvoy needs to VERBALISE the content of the 'voilà' gesture: By uttering [GESTURE G] the utterer means that the addressee should be able to leave presents at the door. Or not of course. Cheers, Speranza ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html