In a message dated 1/27/2014 12:40:20 P.M. Eastern Standard Time, omarkusto@xxxxxxxxx writes: Honestly, I think that very few contemporary philosophers believe that their arguments possess the certainty of 'demonstration' in the Aristotelian sense. (Other than perhaps in the field of formal logic, to the extent that logic might still be considered a branch of philosophy) It might be flogging a dead horse, here. :) Well, it _might_ do to revise what Aristotle, in Greek, meant by 'proof', since we were citing him. "In the same spirit, therefore, should each type of statement be received; for it is the mark of an educated man to look for precision in each class of things just so far as the nature of the subject admits; it is [clearly/surely/plainly] equally foolish to accept probable reasoning from a mathematician and to demand from a rhetorician scientific proofs" [Nicomachean Ethics, I.1] But, of course, we may yet have to learn what this interpreter of Whitehead wants to explore regarding Whitehead on the topic: the creation of wild and free concepts -- apparently. I hope she explores the most obscure writings by Whitehead, since he _may_ be a philosopher worth revisiting -- or not. I would NOT think Whitehead was having Aristotle as his idea of logic; more likely Frege, that Russell worshipped, or Peano. Vide, Kneale, "The development of logic". O. K. raises an interesting point as to whether logic should be considered a branch of philosophy. The dichotomy in Whitehead seems to be mathematics vs. philosophy, rather -- indeed. When this interpreter of Whitehead speaks of 'mathematical necessity' or the 'necessity' of a mathematical proof, I guess we have to rewrite that in terms of mathematics _as Whitehead knew them_, rather than any later developments of the discipline. I should revise the references cited in this exegesis of Whitehead's work -- or not, of course. Cheers, Speranza ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html