In my two previous rambles, I focused on "and" which is just as well. A good case to consider is p v ~p or p & ~p These are usually regarded, respectively as tautology and contradiction. Are they _necessarily_ so. Recall Sportin' Life, "It ain't necessarily so". Wittgenstein was pretty narrow-minded when it comes to things, so he possibly thought it _is_ necessarily so. Strawson prefers to speak of 'logically true' rather than 'necessarily true'. We need a Kripke to systematise the uses of 'necessarily' into 'logical', 'epistemic' and 'metaphysical' or ontological. Cheers, JLS **************Access 350+ FREE radio stations anytime from anywhere on the web. Get the Radio Toolbar! (http://toolbar.aol.com/aolradio/download.html?ncid=emlcntusdown00000003) ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html