I haven't googled this yet, but I would like to say: If I'm not mistaken, I'm mistaken. Call that Speranza's paradox. Since, "If I'm not mistaken" is a Griceian otiosity -- an otiosity by Griceian standards, not one that Grice commits, "if I AM mitaken" is rather a contradictory hedge. It turns everything into something that BREAKS the conversational maxims. "If I'm mistaken", too, but in subtler ways -- or not. ----- And so on. Note that it's only when _I_ is used (as in Epemenidides' Liar paradox). Thus, "If Geary is not mistaken, p" (cfr. "unless Geary is mistaken, p") triggers different implicatures frrom those that "if _I_ am not mistaken" does (cfr. "It is raining, but I don't believe it" and 'It is raining but Geary does not believe it" -- Moore paradox). Goedel may be thrown in into the bargain. Cheers, Speranza ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html