In a message dated 4/23/2009 10:47:01 P.M. Eastern Daylight Time, john.mccreery@xxxxxxxxx writes: "We do not torture" are held to be universal in application. In the other, the patriarchal family model typically associated with those of a conservative or reactionary orientation, ---- Bravo. The passage by Anscombe R. Paul quoted from, I believe, is in a blog on Hudson on torture. OTOH there's R. M. Hare on torture. The first discussion I found on 'torture' by Hare is, I believe in his Practical Inferences. His example: My little brother is torturing the cat. I think it's Hare's point that that cannot be _good_ because 'torture' already has a _EVIL_ semantic load attached to it. My moral professor, O. N. Guariglia, would say the same thing about 'kill'. I'm not so sure, "Two men were killed in a storm". It turns out the storm was 'vicious', etc., and it was mainly accidental. I wouldn't say 'kill'. I'm not sure the Greeks used 'torture'. Who were the first torturers? And torturees? In Graeco-Roman civilisation, I mean. The waterboarding technique is ascribed to the "Spanish Inquisition" but they were savage. Cfr. 'burning' people. Was Joan of Arc _tortured_? Cheers, JLS **************Access 350+ FREE radio stations anytime from anywhere on the web. Get the Radio Toolbar! (http://toolbar.aol.com/aolradio/download.html?ncid=emlcntusdown00000003) ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html