My last post today! Well, perhaps we should focus on how this author (N. F.) argues then. I'll contribute with an 'ad hominem': his "Oxon. credentials" as per wiki, below! In a message dated 5/2/2014 7:49:15 A.M. Eastern Daylight Time, omarkusto@xxxxxxxxx writes: Well, Ferguson is an interesting author but one with a pretty obvious ideological agenda (just to think that he married Hirsi Ali says volumes). He oscillates between saying that the US is an empire at present and saying that it currently isn't but should be one. Wikipedia tells us: "Ferguson received a Demyship (half-scholarship) at Magdalen College, Oxford." Pronounced ˈmɔːdlɪn -- Wilde's, Strawson's, and indeed, my (architecturally) favourite! "While at Magdalen, Ferguson wrote the 90 minute student film 'The Labours of Hercules Sprote' and became best friends with Andrew Sullivan, based on a shared affinity for right-wing politics and punk music." Hercules's labours were twelve. This should give us an idea as to how many minutes Ferguson dedicates to each of them. "Ferguson had become a Thatcherite by 1982, identifying the position with "the Sex Pistols' position in 1977: it was a rebellion against the stuffy corporatism of the 70s."" "While at Magdalen, "he was very much a Scot on the make ... Niall was a witty, belligerent bloke who seemed to have come from an entirely different planet," according to Simon Winder." The phrase 'Scot on the make' triggers perhaps the wrong implicature seeing that before his Oxonian days, Ferguson had already been made in Scotland. Niall Campbell Douglas Ferguson was born in Glasgow, Scotland. His father was a doctor and his mother a physics teacher. He attended The Glasgow Academy.[10] Ferguson has stated that "I was surrounded by insufferable Etonians with fake Cockney accents who imagined themselves to be working-class heroes in solidarity with the striking miners." On the other hand, there are sufferable Cockneys with fake Eton accents, I assume? "It wasn't long before it became clear that the really funny and interesting people on campus were Thatcherites," he said. It was different in Oscar Wilde's days... Ferguson graduated with a first-class honours [perhaps not quite arguing either alla Grice or Popper] degree in history. "He received his D.Phil from Magdalen College ---" Actually, I think he received it from the University, previous consideration by the Faculty of History. ˈmɔːdlɪn is perhaps above such bureaucratic matters... "... and his dissertation was entitled "Business and Politics in the German Inflation: Hamburg 1914–1924" Strictly: "Business and politics in the German inflation: Hamburg: a decade, 1914-1924". How he got an interest in Empire is a different matter. Perhaps an interest in the British Empire, before he turned to writing about "American Empire". --- While loads have been written on the 'fall' of the Roman empire, we were discussing the use of 'rise and fall' of Empires, and I pointed out that a LITERAL use of 'fall' is in the well-known quatrain: Jack and Jill went up the hill To fetch a pail of water. --> Jack fell down and broke his crown, And Jill came tumbling after which may relate? The word "Jack" was in use before 1600 to describe the maritime bow flag. By 1627 a small Union Jack was commonly flown in this position. One theory goes that for some years it would have been called just "the Jack", or "Jack flag", or "the King's Jack", but by 1674, while formally referred to as "His Majesty's Jack", it was commonly called the Union Jack, and this was officially acknowledged. Cheers, Speranza --- O. K. quotes from N. F.: "Unlike most European critics of the United States…I believe the world needs an effective liberal empire and that the United States is the best candidate for the job.…The United States has good reasons to play the role of liberal empire, both from the point of view of its own security and out of straightforward altruism. In many ways too it is uniquely well equipped to play it. Yet for all its colossal economic, military and cultural power, the United States still looks unlikely to be an effective liberal empire without some profound changes in its economic structure, its social makeup and its political culture. http://harvardmagazine.com/2007/05/the-global-empire-of-nia.html He also discusses the term 'hegemony' but comes out in favour of 'empire': http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/59200/niall-ferguson/hegemony-or-empire ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html