[lifesaviors] ORISSA weblog #2 -- Data for the Orissa budget
- From: <lionkuntz@xxxxxxxxx>
- To: Palaces4People@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx, Palaces4Japan@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
- Date: Sat, 20 Sep 2003 15:33:19 -0700 (PDT)
ORISSA weblog #2
Webpages containing data items of relevence to Palaces
For The People; especially details of housing sizes,
materials, costs, cultural acceptance, environmental
stressors, etc.
Contributions of research findings of similar nature
on additional webpages is welcomed.
=====================================
http://www.panasia.org.sg/nird/clic/reshigh28-1998.htm
In Andhra Pradesh the unit cost under IAY has been
reduced from the prescribed amount of Rs. 20,000 to
16,500 in plain areas and from Rs. 22,000 to Rs.18,500
in hill areas and as a consequence the beneficiaries
are foregoing considerable amount and it is ultimately
resulting in poor quality and in-completion of
construction. In other words, on the pretext of
maintaining uniform unit costs for all types of rural
housing schemes and coverage of more number
ofbeneficiaries, the State Government is depriving the
beneficiaries under IAY of the amount to the extent of
Rs. 4,000 and Rs.4,300 in plain and hill areas,
respectively. In the case of Centrally sponsored
schemes, there should be uniform pattern all over the
country, and the Central Government should take
appropriate action in this regard.
...
The use of smokeless chullahs has been seen in a few
families, while the proportion of families using
septic latrines particularly among SC/ST families has
been very neglible and it is even zero in Koraput
district. Because of socio-cultural reasons teh people
are reluctant to accept the very concept of septic
latrine, and therefore, the purpose for which
provision has been made in the unit cost is grossly
defeated. Though most of the settlements have been
provided with safe source of drinking water during
summer for the fact that many of the handumps have
been defunct due to lack of proper maintainence.
=====================================
http://www.habitatindia.org/cost.htm
Cost estimate
Approximate cost estimate for one Habitat house (In
Indian Rupees)
Cost upon completion:
Total = Rs 60000
US$ exchange value = US$ 1,304.35
http://www.habitatindia.org/projects.htm
Habitat has agreed to build 25 Houses in partnership
with CRC for the fisher folk of Valiathura. The cost
of each house is Rs.60,000/-.CRC has brought a
partnership proposal for 250 houses which involves a
grant from the local Government.
The local state government because of the
impoverishment and the desperate severe situation, has
agreed to give a grant of Rs. 35,000 per house - the
mediating agency and the homeowner contribute the
remaining accordingly. A tripartite agreement is
executed between Habitat for Humanity India, local
self-government and the Cheru Resmi Center (CRC).
Habitat's contribution is Rs.15,000- per house only
and the rest is arranged by CRC.- Though Habitat is
with them right from the beginning by inspection etc.,
our finance is given only at the completion stage of
roof concrete and finishing works. Our repayment is
also ensured by CRC. On Nov 8, 2000 the National
Executive Director, Mr. P. Augustine inaugurated the
CRC project by dedicating the first house to one of
its benefitaries named Cletus Jaspin who is a fish
vendor. Since then 17 houses have been completed and 8
are under various stages of construction.
=====================================
http://www.devalt.org/newsletter/may01/of_12.htm
The table below gives a breakdown of the costs
involved for one house, including labour and material
inputs. At Rs.29,000 / $632.- (Rs.2420 per m2) the
core house is a good low-cost solution that provides
protection from future cyclones.
The core house is a 12m2 structure with one door and
one window with a cement foundation built on elevated
ground. The roof consists of four Ferrocement roofing
channels (see photo below). All walls are built with
load-bearing interlocking Hydraform compressed earth
blocks with 5% cement added. The main advantage of
these blocks: they do not need any mortar since they
are interlocking and brick laying can be done by
unskilled workers or beneficiaries with a minimum of
skilled supervision. Sweat equity by the beneficiaries
consists of brick laying and making the rammed earth
floors.
=====================================
http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:a8RnLXtU_8IJ:www.oras.net/files/orissa.rtf+orissa+housing+costs&hl=en&ie=UTF-8
Cyclones: acts of God or acts of man?
Cyclones are nothing new in the Bay of Bengal.53
Bangladesh is almost routinely hit with forceful
storms, often with fatal results: the storm surges in
1971 and 1991 killed 500,000 and 150,000 people
respectively.54 According to the National Cyclone
Review Committee, 147 damaging cyclones crossed the
eastern coast of India in 1897-1970 hitting the coasts
in West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa. The
committee found that almost 40% of the total damage
caused by cyclones came from storm surges, which
strike the hardest at the low-lying areas of coastal
states. The hurricane winds associated with cyclones
accounted for the other 60%.55
What makes the second 1999 cyclone stand out from its
predecessors is its sheer ferocity. The winds were
exceptionally fierce blowing at 260 km/h and
occasionally even around 300 km/hour. The only other
recent case with wind speeds more than 250 km/hin the
region was the 1977 cyclone in Andhra Pradesh. Usually
cyclones die out soon after they have reached the
land, but this time the cyclone survived for more than
a day over the land.56 The subsequent storm surge was
much higher than usually and the cyclone penetrated
further inland than ever before.
There is a general agreement that cyclone devastation
was worsened significantly by deforestation on the
coast.57 Mangroves have been lost especially since
1960s. Before the early 1950s, there were hardly any
people living on the coast. Resettling Bangladeshi
refugees and industrialisation around Paradeep gave
birth to settlements and large portions of the forests
were opened for exploitation. It is claimed that
corruption was heavily involved in the process. Once
the destruction started, ordinary people soon joined
in. Trees werecut down and sold as firewood or forests
were converted into rice paddies, prawn farms and paan
cultivation.58 Satellite pictures show that 2.5 square
kilometres of mangroves were lost in the 70s every
year.59
Previously forests had formed a five-kilometre wide
buffer zone against strong winds and flash floods.
Without the protection of forests, the second cyclone
travelled as much as 100 kilometres inland. The lack
of protective forest cover also made it possible for
the floods to inundate large areas and cause so much
destruction.60 As forests have been lost, each
consecutive cyclone has penetrated further inland.61
An area near Paradeep where the forests are intact was
largely saved from the ravage caused by the 1999
cyclones.62 Already earlier during the 1971 cyclone
villages with buffer forests suffered precious little,
but those that had lost the forest cover felt a deep
impact.63 Likewisea tidal wave cost thousands of lives
in 1991 in Sunderbans, Bangladesh while a similar
tidal wave in 1960 did no harm to the villages that
were at that time protected by mangrove forests.64
Local government officials claim that an attempt will
be made to reforest the coast.65 However, many people
seem to question the seriousness of the officials and
doubt that anything will really happen.66 If they are
right and reforestation efforts fail or deforestation
is allowed to continue, the effect of future cyclones
is likely to be even worse.67
Another factor worsening the storm surge and floods
may be siltation. Almost all major rivers in both
India and Bangladesh, including Ganges, Yamuna and
Brahmaputra, flow to the Bay of Bengal. The rivers
carry vast amounts of silt created by deforestation
and erosion. When the silt is deposited in the Bay,
the areas around deltas become shallower. This creates
ideal conditions for high tidal waves and storm surges
that were an important factor in the devastation in
Orissa.68 Infrastructure development may have
prevented seawater from receding thus aggravating
floods.69
=====================================
http://www.ficci.com/ficci/ibcm-hudco.htm
Construction activity accounts for more than 50% of
the national outlays. Building Construction costs have
registered increase in prices year after year at
scales much faster than inflation. It is seen that in
view of the increase in cost for basic input materials
like steel, cement brick timber and other materials as
well as the cost of construction labour, buildings
cost increase at around 13% to 15% annually even when
inflation is in single digit. Even though income
levels of people are by and large brought in line with
the levels of inflation through inflation indexed rise
in salaries, yet year after year, housing is becoming
beyond the reach of the majority of the people. The
reducing housing size for various categories in
consecutive years in respect of the plinth areas,
nature of specifications even with increased income
levels would indicate the rapid increase in cost of
construction. In less than two decades, the
construction cost have increased from around Rs.2500/-
per sqm. to as high as Rs. 4,000/- per sqm. This is
only in respect of the normal types of housing. Still
higher levels of costs are registered for using better
finishes and amenities.
All these necessitates the need for using appropriate
and cost effective technologies and construction
systems which can bring down the cost of construction
within the affordability levels of the people.
=====================================
http://www.ficci.com/ficci/ibcm-hudco.htm
The Hydraform Block is made by hydraulically
compressing a mixture of raw earth or Fly Ash and
stabilizer (usually
cement) in the Hydraform block-making machine. The
block has grooves on the top and bottom as well as on
the
two sides. This geometry ensures a perfect interlock
of two consecutive blocks when stacked in masonry to
make
strong and aesthetic walls, arches and corbels.
The blocks in themselves have a pleasing face-brick
finish and provide for pre-pointed straight masonry.
The walls
can be exposed, plastered or finished with cement
paint. Studies to the effect have shown that in India,
the artisans
using hydraform blocks have exhibited a remarkable
speed in adapting to the various applications.
Not only can the Hydraform block be made of different
types of raw material, it can also be made to conform
to
different shapes and sizes. In addition to the
standard interlocking blocks, the Hydraform machine
can be made to
produce different types of blocks viz., Paver Blocks,
Reinforcement Blocks, Conduit Blocks and Plain Blocks
by
using simple customized tools.
The structuring of the blocks is resilient and
user-friendly.
...
=====================================
http://www.housingfinance.org/pdf_info_store/voracongresspaper.pdf
PDF]INDIAN HOUSING FINANCE SYSTEM
File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat
... Besides, interest rate, the borrower also has to
meet certain other costs viz. ... 50,000/-
Orissa Rural Housing and Development Corporation
(ORHDC) is ...
=====================================
http://www.worldbank.org/html/dec/Publications/Workpapers/wps2000series/wps2124/wps2124.pdf
SUMMARY
This report presents an exploratory, state-level
analysis in Orissa of the factors that constrain
access to land by
the rural poor and other socially excluded groups. It
is the first empirical study of its kind, at least in
India, which
examines access to land from a transaction costs
perspective. It is based on an institutional analysis
of land
administration in policy and practice, and considers
the consequences for particular groups of
stakeholders. The
intention of this pilot study was to field-test an
approach that could be replicated in other states of
India, with a
view to identifying incremental reforms in land
administration and policy that could help to improve
access to
land for the rural poor. The findings should be
regarded as preliminary, since the study was intended
to scope the
broad framework for analysis, rather than to produce
systematic results. Nonetheless, the findings do
suggest a
set of broad policy implications worthy of more
detailed consideration, following systematic analysis
in other
states.
=====================================
http://www.devalt.org/newsletter/may01/lead.htm
It is reported in Orissa, (The Role of Enabling
Infrastructure: A Case Study of Housing Interventions
in Orissa by N Ashok Kumar et al) that in Adivasi
villages, where development activities of improved
shelter, land and water management and livelihoods
were in progress at the time of the super cyclone, not
only was the loss of property and life minimal, the
loss in economic time was only to the tune of 5 to 10
days. People could bounce back to their normal
routines very soon after the cyclone. While in
adjacent villages, months after the cyclone, families
were still unable to get back to regular work leading
to longer term economic decline. This is a very strong
argument in favour of "total rehabilitation" as
opposed to only reconstruction.
=====================================
http://www.orissasociety.org/cyclone/response.html
Housing and Reconstruction
Housing is a major issue for the cyclone victims and
OSA has channelized $30,000.00 towards the
construction of housing by various groups. President
Sri Naik visited the cyclone affected areas in May,
2000, to oversee various activities. There is a
government scheme to build 30,000 houses for all needy
people. However the scheme is nonfunctional and
corruption-ridden
and not much is done. Villagers seem to prefer bamboo,
straw and mud houses for comfort and low maintenance.
They would appreciate a high platform ?pindi? for
shelter in each village that can be used in case of
flood. Sarvodaya Relief Committee has taken
leadership low cost housing at about Rs10,000
($225.00) for a 10ftx15ft residence. Funds to support
these efforts and other housing efforts for the
cyclone victims are being despatched from OSA.
Construction of pucca housing and cyclone shelters are
also being undertaken through individual efforts.
Most of the housing efforts are blocked by poor road
conditions. Massive road repairs are needed.
Barring the misery, the supercyclone has brought out
the best in people in many ways. People in every
village and hamlet showed unusual courage and
compassion. Tales of bravery to save lives and
animals were many and telling. Families forgot their
caste and religion bias and cooked and slept in
temples and mosques. People shared food and
commodities with the neighbors freely and
unhesitatingly. Everybody made a sense of belonging
and everyone worked towards the common cause of rescue
and survival. Such spirit needs to be stoked to
rebuild Orissa.
=====================================
http://www.un.org.in/dmt/orissa/Reports.htm
C. NON-FARM SECTOR: ARTISANS PRODUCING HANDICRAFTS
PRODUCTS WORKERS IN CONSTRUCTION AND NON-CONSTRUCTION
TRADE AND PETTY VENDORS
...
Provision of workshed-cum-housing under a scheme of
the Development Commissioner Handicrafts and HUDCO ?
Rs.35,000 in rural areas (Rs.18,000 Central subsidy
plus Rs.14,000 loan from HUDCO) with a Rs.3000
beneficiary?s contribution & Rs.45000 in urban areas (
Rs.20,000 as HUDCO loan plus central subsidy of
Rs.20,000) with a beneficiary?s contribution of
Rs.5000;
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