Sean and Stuart, Certainly, Wittgenstein made mistakes. He was human after all. And we have his own word that his earlier work involved "grave mistakes". (A silly joke: "I thought I was wrong once, but I was mistaken.") I would suggest, however, that it is harder to pinpoint and understand Wittgenstein's mistakes than to understand some people's certain triumph. Wittgenstein, in the _Tractatus_ and _Investigations_, supposed that he might only be understood by those who had had "the same or similar thoughts" or that he might hope "to bring light into one brain or another," noting, "--but, of course, it is not likely." Was he underestimating himself? Us? Perhaps both. But given his experiences teaching, lecturing, conversing about his ideas, and of seeing how his ideas ended up disseminated in his lifetime, we should assume that at least the later remarks were not groundless. He also showed some misgivings about his influence on his more enthusiastic students. And he warned us, "I should not like my writing to spare other people the trouble of thinking. But, if possible, to stimulate someone to thoughts of his own." Deification hardly seems what he would have wished. But I want to say (and is this what Sean has been getting at) that a degree of trust is a prerequisite of understanding. This is true even in the most ordinary exchanges but much more so with an exposition of great originality and difficulty. Still, we should remember "The Emperor's New Clothes". But we should also remember the many cranks and crackpots who devote much effort to disproving Einstein's Theory of Relativity. Typically, the do not argue that experimental evidence has been faked (though some do). Rather, they insist that Einstein's ideas are riddled with nonsense and contradiction. Their work reflects not the critical attitude necessary for science, but a failure of understanding. Philosophy is not science. Very true. But that is why those who misunderstand Wittgenstein are usually not called "cranks" and "crackpots": they're often called "professional philosophers". Stuart has compared the need to trust Wittgenstein to the master student relationship in various discipline in the Far East and asked at one point the student is permitted to criticize. Wittgenstein is not with us to bestow inka or any other seal of transmission and that wouldn't be his style anyway. An individual can only judge for herself whether she is ready to criticize. For myself, I would simply say that I have had enough experiences in studying Wittgenstein of both benefiting from ideas that I had earlier dismissed and more specifically, of criticizing only to later realize that I had clearly misunderstood, that I am very circumspect in reading his works. As I learn more, I am more circumspect, not less so. But, as they say, your mileage may vary. JPDeMouy ========================================== Need Something? Check here: http://ludwig.squarespace.com/wittrslinks/