Before I sent original post I was trying to find information about what is known about other animals that can possibly eat puffers. In response to my post I received several emails from people intrigued by the subject. I could only send them a few notes I found so far. Perhaps I will copy those here as well for others who might have interest. A few general notes are suggesting that perhaps at least some pufferfishes have concentrated toxins only during particular seasons or only in some regions. I cannot highlight words in the text send to Texbirds so instead I used all caps. Could some terns be able to know when it is safe to take puffers, or what puffers are not poisonous? Cannot answer this question and would like to know that answer myself⦠Here are a few notes that I found interesting: Not all puffers are necessarily poisonous; Takifugu oblongus, for example, is a FUGU PUFFER THAT IS NOT POISONOUS, AND TOXIN LEVEL VARIES WILDLY EVEN IN FISH THAT ARE. A puffer's neurotoxin IS NOT NECESSARILY AS TOXIC TO OTHER ANIMALS AS IT IS TO HUMANS, and puffers are eaten routinely by some species of fish, such as lizardfish and tiger sharks. Also, Japanese fish farmers have GROWN NONPOISONOUS PUFFERS BY CONTROLLING THEIR DIETS. Predators which catch the puffer suddenly, before or during inflation, may die from choking, and predators that do manage to swallow the puffer may find their stomachs full of tetrodotoxin, making puffers an unpleasant, possibly lethal, choice of prey. THIS NEUROTOXIN IS FOUND PRIMARILY IN THE OVARIES AND LIVER, ALTHOUGH SMALLER AMOUNTS EXIST IN THE INTESTINES AND SKIN, AS WELL AS TRACE AMOUNTS IN MUSCLE. THE SOURCE OF TETRODOTOXIN IN PUFFERS HAS BEEN A MATTER OF DEBATE, BUT IT IS INCREASINGLY ACCEPTED THAT BACTERIA IN THE FISH'S INTESTINAL TRACT ARE THE SOURCE. SAXITOXIN, THE CAUSE OF PARALYTIC SHELLFISH POISONING AND RED TIDE, CAN ALSO BE FOUND IN CERTAIN PUFFERS. Pufferfish, called pakpao in Thailand, are usually consumed by mistake. They are often cheaper than other fish, and because they contain INCONSISTENT levels of toxins BETWEEN FISH AND SEASON, there is little awareness or monitoring of the danger. Cases of neurological symptoms, including numbness and tingling of the lips and mouth, have been reported to rise after the consumption of puffers caught in the area of Titusville, Florida. The symptoms generally resolve within hours to days, although one affected individual required intubation for 72 hours. As a result, Florida banned the harvesting of puffers from CERTAIN bodies of water. Mark B Bartosik Houston, Texas http://www.pbase.com/mbb/from_the_field In a message dated 7/12/2013 2:48:12 P.M. Central Daylight Time, MBB22222@xxxxxxx writes: There is an old expression such that - I want to eat fugu, but I don't want to die. Fugu, also known as pufferfish, blowfish, or globefish usually are quite toxic. I only saw a few cases when terns were transporting or feeding these fishes to chicks. Although mother-in-law should always get the first bite (as a sign of respect to the elders) terns are lacking this practical behavior. I never saw other birds taking puffers. Here are recently taken photos of Royal Tern transporting a pufferfish, perhaps a girlfriend was unfaithful. http://www.pbase.com/mbb/image/151281334 http://www.pbase.com/mbb/image/151281332 http://www.pbase.com/mbb/royal_tern_catching_and_transporting_pufferfish_ And a few old photos showing Least Tern feeding puffer to chicks (got tiered of teenage behavior?). http://www.pbase.com/mbb/image/102089002 http://www.pbase.com/mbb/image/102088992 http://www.pbase.com/mbb/least_tern__feeding_pufferfish_to_juvenile Perhaps some fishermen from Gulf of Mexico know how poison are species of the local puffers. I am not going to try to eat one nor I still have mother-in-law to make an experiment. Mark B Bartosik Houston, Texas http://www.pbase.com/mbb/from_the_field Edit your Freelists account settings for TEXBIRDS at //www.freelists.org/list/texbirds Reposting of traffic from TEXBIRDS is prohibited without seeking permission from the List Owner Edit your Freelists account settings for TEXBIRDS at //www.freelists.org/list/texbirds Reposting of traffic from TEXBIRDS is prohibited without seeking permission from the List Owner