Roy et al...No1.Before the advent of the modern movable frame hive bees were kept in straw skeps. The space available to the bees was limited so they regularly swarmed (a natural method of colony reproduction) which served to replace the colonies which were killed to obtain the honey. The space for the bees could be enlarged by adding an extra chamber called an eke (hence the term to eke something out) and to protect the hive from the weather a straw hackle was added. This was roughly a cone shaped device to deflect the rain. Sayings such as "to eke out" and "raising the hackles" have passed into common usage. No2.burgonia the only thing I can think this means unless you have the context to which it refers is French & Spanish for Burgundy http://ccgi.esperanto.plus.com/lfn/dictionary.pdf ; Regards Martin Robinson --- On Sat, 14/5/11, Roy <roy.parker14@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx> wrote: From: Roy <roy.parker14@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx> Subject: [sleafordbka] Beekeeping To: sleafordbka@xxxxxxxxxxxxx Date: Saturday, 14 May, 2011, 15:23 Hi. There, Can someone out there with a beekeepers encyclopedia please answer these questions? 1. What is a hackle? 2. What does burgonia mean? These are questions from the section 4 in the Course In a Case. (History questions) If anyone can help it would be much appreciated. Regards, Roy.