[lit-ideas] Crusade
- From: Jlsperanza@xxxxxxx
- To: lit-ideas@xxxxxxxxxxxxx
- Date: Fri, 30 Apr 2004 10:39:28 EDT
L. J. Kramer:
"But this "war," which is only a war because we don't have a better
word for what it is..."
L. Simmons:
"How about "crusade"? That's what you think it is, isn't it?"
M. Geary:
"Thank you, Lance."
For what it's worth -- the entry for 'crusade' in the OED. Some interesting
quotes.
Cheers,
JL
---
From the OED
"crusade"
Etymology. = mod.F. croisade (= OF. croisee), Pr. crozada, Sp. cruzada, It.
crociata, med.L. cruciata (cruzata), being in the various langs. the fem. noun
of action formed on pa. pple. of crucire, crociare, cruzar, croiser to CROSS,
lit. a being crossed, a crossing or marking with the cross, a taking the
cross: cf. the early F. croisement. The earliest and only ME. equivalents were
CROISERIE (13th-15th c.), and CROISEE (15-17th c.), from the corresponding OF.
words. In 16th c. French, croisée was displaced by croisade, with the new
ending
-ade, adapted from the -ADA of Provençal and Spanish. This croisade appeared
in Eng. c.1575, and continued to be the leading form till c.1760 (see Johnson's
Dict.). About 1600, the Sp. cruzada made its appearance under the forms
crusada and crusado (see -ADO); a blending of this with croisade produced two
hybrid forms, viz. croisado (-ada), with French stem and Spanish ending,
frequent
from c. 1611 to 1725, and crusade, with Spanish stem and French ending,
mentioned by Johnson, 1755, only as a by-form of croisade, but used by
Goldsmith and
Gibbon, and now universal. From 15th to 17th c. occasional attempts to adopt
the med.L. and other Romanic forms, as cruciat, -ada, -ade, cruceat, were made:
see CRUCIADE.]
Usages.
1. Hist. A military expedition undertaken by the Christians of Europe in the
11th, 12th, and 13th centuries to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims.
a.
1577 HARRISON England III. iv. (1878) II. 29 At such time as Baldwine
archbishop of Canturburie preached the Croisad there. 1616 JAS. I. Remonstr.
Right of
Kings Wks. 445 All such..as undertooke the Croisade became the Pope's meere
vassals. 1753 CHESTERFIELD Lett. (1774) IV. 6 His history of the Croisades.
1769 BLACKSTONE Comm. IV. 416 The knight errantry of a croisade against the
Saracens.
b.
1611 SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit. IX. xx. (1632) 965 A Croisado against the Turkes.
c1645 HOWELL Lett. IV. xix. (1892) 592 A Croisada to the Holy Land. 1758
CHESTERFIELD Lett. cxxxi, This gave rise to the Croisadoes, and carried such
swarms
of people from Europe to the..Holy Land.
c.
1631 WEEVER Anc. Fun. Mon. 793 To preach the Crusado. a1678 MARVELL Poems,
Britannia & Raleigh, Her true Crusada shall at last pull down The Turkish
crescent and the Persian sun. 1765 H. WALPOLE Otranto v. (1834) 249 Until his
return
from the crusado.
d.
1706 PHILLIPS, Croisado or Crusade. c1750 SHENSTONE Ruined Abbey 118 Here the
cowl'd zealots..Urg'd the crusade. 1755-73 JOHNSON, Crusade, Crusado: see
Croisade. 1781 GIBBON Decl. & F. III. lxi. 546 The principle of the crusades
was
a savage fanaticism. 1841 W. SPALDING Italy & It. Isl. II. 318 A single
campaign of the first crusade, that of 1099. 1856 EMERSON Eng. Traits, Relig.
Wks.
(Bohn) II. 96 The power of the religious sentiment..inspired the crusades.
B. transf. Any war instigated and blessed by the Church for alleged religious
ends, a â??holy warâ??; applied esp. to expeditions undertaken under papal
sanction against infidels or heretics.
1603 FLORIO Montaigne II. xxvii. (1632) 393 George Sechell..who under the
title of a Croysada, wrought so many mischiefes. 1624 BP. R. MONTAGU Gagg 95
Urban the eight, that now Popeth it, may proclaime a Croisado if hee will. 1681
BURNET Hist. Ref. II. 122 Afterwards croisades came in use; against such
princes
as were deposed by popes. 1875 STUBBS Const. Hist. III. xviii. 106 Commander
of a crusade against the Hussites.
2. fig. An aggressive movement or enterprise against some public evil, or
some institution or class of persons considered as evil.
1786 T. JEFFERSON Writ. (1859) II. 8 Preach, my dear Sir, a crusade against
ignorance. 1839 DE QUINCEY Recoll. Lakes Wks. 1862 II. 184 This new crusade
against the evils of the world. 1855 MILMAN Lat. Chr. (1864) IV. VII. i. 25
Dunstan's life was a crusade..against the married clergy. Mod. The Temperance
crusade.
3. A papal bull or commission authorizing a crusade, or expedition against
infidels or heretics.
1588 (title), The Holy Bull and Crusado of Rome, first published by the Holy
Father, Gregory the XIII. 1643 PRYNNE Sov. Power Parl. App 64 They concluded
to crave ayd from all Christian Princes, and a Crossado from the Pope against
the Moores. a1677 BARROW Popes Suprem. Wks. 1859 VIII. 50 To summon or
commissionate soldiers by croisade, &c. to fight against infidels. 1724 T.
RICHERS
Hist. R. Geneal. Spain 247 The Pope, willing to help the King to sustain this
War, sent him the Croisade, by which Means he raised 300,000 Ducats. 1771
GOLDSM.
Hist. Eng. I. 317 The pope published a crusade against the deposed monarch.
4. Span. Hist. A levy of money, or a sum raised by the sale of indulgences,
under a document called Bula de la cruzada, originally for aggression or
defence against the Moors, but afterwards diverted to other purposes. Obs.
The sale of the indulgences granted under the Bula became a permanent
source of revenue, held by the kings of Spain in consideration of expenses
incurred
by them as champions of Catholicism and in the conversion of the American
Indians. A board for the collection and administration of these revenues was
created in the 16th c. called Consejo de la Cruzada, the court or tribunal of
the
Crusade.
1579 FENTON Guicciard. I. (1599) 30 The moneys gathered in Spaine..vnder
colour of the Croysade. Ibid. XII. 566 The Pope had transferred to the king of
Aragon for two yeares the moneys and collections called the Croissards of the
realme of Spaine. 1630 R. Johnson's Kingd. & Commw. 531 His Subsidies which he
levieth extraordinarily (of late times for the most part turned into ordinary,
as his Croisados). 1655 DIGGES Compl. Ambass. 288 To suffer a levy of money to
be made within his Dominions, termed by the name Crusado, for the maintenance
of the Turkish Wars. 1716 in Lond. Gaz. No. 5480/3 The President of the
Cruzada is ordered to draw up a perfect Account of the intire Produce of the
Cruzada, as well in Spain as in the Indies. 1760-72 tr. Juan & Ulloa's Voy.
(ed. 3)
II. VII. xii. 132 Here [Peru] is also a court of inquisition, and of the
croisade.
5. A marking with the cross; the symbol of the cross, the badge borne by
crusaders.
1613 ZOUCH Dove 43 Like the rich Croisade on th' Imperiall Ball. 1641
PRYNNE Antip. 299 He tooke up the Crossado and went..with King Richard..to the
warres in the holy Land. 1700 TYRRELL Hist. Eng. II. 772 He took upon him the
Crusado, i.e. Vowed an Expedition to the Holy-Land.
b. fig. (with allusion to â??crossâ?? in the sense of trial or affliction).
Obs.
1654 WHITLOCK Zootomia 531 The Noble Order of the Cruysado Heaven bestoweth
not on Milk-sops. Ibid. 533 The Cruysado, or Crosse of Christ, above all Orders
taken up by the Potentates of the World.
6. attrib.
1750 CARTE Hist. Eng. II. 706 The crusado troops of Cardinal Beaufort. 1764
HARMER Observ. XVIII. i. 43 The Croisade army arrived there in the end of May.
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