I quoted from Caedmon, "an illiterate shepherd", and his poem and wrote: >>English is _essentially_ an illiterate language. Geary, a priori, replies: >All languages are illiterate. Even Esperanto, o Volapueck, or the language of Principia Mathematica? I take your point, then why do you think McCreery was leading a whole thread towards the question as to whether the word _has_ be literate? If we take literate to mean 'dependent on the graphic medium', then I agree with Geary. Every sentence, in any language, can be just _pronounced_ and not be written. So I think the onus probandi is on McCreery (being an anthropologist) to let us know what he meant. JL ************************************** See what's new at http://www.aol.com