[sparkscoffee] Zionism - RR and everyone else
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- To: sparkscoffee@xxxxxxxxxxxxx
- Date: Fri, 5 Sep 2014 20:22:48 -0400
_We need your help documenting history. »_
(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Wikipedia_Summer_of_Monuments)
Zionism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about Zionism as a movement, not the _History of Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Israel) . For other uses, see _Zion
(disambiguation)_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zion_(disambiguation)) .
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theodore_Herzl.jpg)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theodore_Herzl.jpg)
_Theodor Herzl_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl) is
considered the founder of the Zionist movement. In his 1896 book _Der
Judenstaat_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Judenstaat) , he envisioned the founding of
a future independent Jewish state during the 20th century.
Part of _a series_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nationalism) on
_Nationalism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism)
Development_[show]_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#)
* _Anthem_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_anthem) ·
* _Language_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_language) ·
* _Music_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_nationalism) ·
* _Symbol_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_symbol) ·
* _Treasure_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_treasure)
Core values_[show]_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#)
* _Identity_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_identity) ·
* _Self-determination_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-determination) ·
* _Solidarity_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity)
_Types_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_nationalism) _[show]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#)
* _Banal_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banal_nationalism) ·
* _Black_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_nationalism) ·
* _Civic_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_nationalism) ·
* _Conservative_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_conservatism)
·
* _Diaspora_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora_politics) ·
* _Economic_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_nationalism) ·
* _Ethnic_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism) ·
* _Expansionist_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansionist_nationalism) ·
* _Fascism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism) ·
* _Irredentism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irredentism) ·
* _Left-wing_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism)
·
* _Liberal_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_nationalism) ·
* _Neo-nationalism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-nationalism)
·
* _Pan-nationalism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-nationalism)
·
* _Postnationalism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postnationalism)
·
* _Racialism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racialism_(racial_categorization)) ·
* _Religious_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_nationalism)
·
* _Romantic_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_nationalism) ·
* _Territorial_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_nationalism) ·
* _Transnationalism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnationalism)
·
* _White_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_nationalism)
Organizations_[show]_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#)
_List of nationalist organizations_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nationalist_organizations)
_Politics portal_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics)
* _v_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nationalism_sidebar) ·
* _t_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Nationalism_sidebar) ·
* _e_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Nationalism_sidebar&action=edit)
Part of _a series_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Israel) on the
_History of Israel_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Israel)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kotel_Israel.jpg) _Ancient Israel and
Judah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah)
* _Prehistory_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Levant) ·
* _Hebrews_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrews) ·
* _Israelites_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites)
* _United monarchy_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)) ·
* _Northern Kingdom_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)) ·
* _Kingdom of Judah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah)
·
* _Babylonian rule_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehud_(Babylonian_province)) ·
* _Persian rule_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehud_Medinata) ·
* _Hasmonean dynasty_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty)
* _Rome_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire) ·
* _Byzantium_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire)
* _Herodian kingdom_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodian_kingdom)
·
* _Tetrarchy_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrarchy_(Judea)) ·
* _Roman Judea_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)) ·
* _Syria Palaestina_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_Palaestina)
·
* _Palaestina Prima_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaestina_Prima)
·
* _Palaestina Secunda_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda) ·
* _Jewish-Sasanian commonwealth_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish-Sasanian_commonwealth)
* _Caliphate_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate) ·
* _Crusades_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades)
* _Jund Filastin_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jund_Filastin) ·
* _Jund al-Urdunn_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jund_al-Urdunn) ·
* _Kingdom of Jerusalem_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem) ·
* _Ayyubid dynasty_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty)
·
* _Mamluk Sultanate_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)) ·
* _Ottoman rule_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus_Eyalet)
(_Mutasarrifate_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutasarrifate_of_Jerusalem) )
* _Zionism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Zionism) ·
* _State of Israel_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel)
* _Old Yishuv_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Yishuv) ·
* _Aliyah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah) ·
* _British Mandate_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine) ·
* _Independence_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence) ·
* _Arab–Israeli conflict_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Arab–Israeli_conflict) ·
* _Timeline_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Israeli_history) ·
* _Years_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Years_in_Israel)
Topics
* _Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel)
·
* _Jewish leaders_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jewish_leaders_in_the_Land_of_Israel)
(_Prime Ministers_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Israel) ) ·
* _Jerusalem_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem) ·
* _Israeli nationality_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Israeli_nationality) ·
* _Israel Defense Forces_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Israel_Defense_Forces) ·
* _LGBT history in Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Israel)
Related
* _Jewish history_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_history) ·
* _Hebrew calendar_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_calendar)
·
* _Archaeology_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology_of_Israel)
·
* _Museums_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Israeli_museums)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Israel.svg) _Israel portal_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Israel)
* _v_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:History_of_Israel) ·
* _t_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Israel)
·
* _e_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:History_of_Israel&action=edit)
Part of _a series_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism) on
_Jews_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews) and _Judaism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg)
* _Etymology_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew_(word)) ·
* _Who is a Jew?_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew?)
* _Jewish peoplehood_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_peoplehood) ·
* _Jewish identity_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_identity)
_Religion_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism) _[show]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#)
* _God in Judaism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Judaism)
(_names_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism) )
* _Principles of faith_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith) ·
* _Mitzvot_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitzvah) (_613_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/613_commandments) ) ·
* _Halakha_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halakha) ·
* _Shabbat_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat) ·
* _Holidays_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_holiday) ·
* _Prayer_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_prayer) ·
* _Tzedakah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzedakah) ·
* _Land of Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism)
·
* _Brit_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_milah) ·
* _Bar and Bat Mitzvah_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_and_Bat_Mitzvah) ·
* _Marriage_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage)
·
* _Bereavement_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism)
·
* _Philosophy_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_philosophy) ·
* _Ethics_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_ethics) ·
* _Kabbalah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbalah) ·
* _Customs_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minhag) ·
* _Synagogue_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue) ·
* _Rabbi_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi)
_Texts_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Jewish_texts) _[show]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#)
* _Tanakh_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanakh)
* (_Torah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah) ·
* _Nevi'im_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevi'im) ·
* _Ketuvim_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketuvim) )
* _Talmud_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud)
* (_Mishnah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah) ·
* _Gemara_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemara) )
* _Rabbinic_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinic_literature)
* (_Midrash_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midrash) ·
* _Tosefta_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosefta) )
* _Targum_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targum) ·
* _Mishneh Torah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishneh_Torah) ·
* _Tur_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arba'ah_Turim) ·
* _Shulchan Aruch_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch) ·
* _Zohar_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohar)
_Communities_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions)
_[show]_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#)
* _Ashkenazi_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews) ·
* _Sephardi_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardi_Jews)
(_Maghrebi_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews) ) ·
* _Italkim_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Jews) ·
* _Romaniotes_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniote_Jews) ·
* _Mizrahi_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews) ·
* _Cochin_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochin_Jews) ·
* _Indian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bene_Israel) ·
* _Ethiopian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Israel)
Related groups
* _Lemba_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemba_people) ·
* _Crimean Karaites_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Karaites)
·
* _Krymchaks_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krymchaks) ·
* _Samaritans_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritan) ·
* _Crypto-Jews_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypto-Judaism) ·
* _Mosaic Arabs_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia) ·
* _Subbotniks_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subbotniks)
_Population_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country)
_[show]_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#)
_Land of Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel)
* _Israeli Jews_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Jews) ·
* _Palestinian Jews_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Jews)
_Europe_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe)
* _Russia_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia) ·
* _Czech Republic_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Czech_Republic) ·
* _Poland_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland) ·
* _Estonia_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia) ·
* _Lithuania_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania) ·
* _Germany_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany) ·
* _Georgia_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Jews) ·
* _Netherlands_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands) ·
* _Austria_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria) ·
* _Hungary_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary) ·
* _Romania_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania) ·
* _United Kingdom_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom) ·
* _France_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France) ·
* _Portugal_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal) ·
* _Spain_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain)
·
* _Italy_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy)
·
* _Greece_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece) ·
* _Bulgaria_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria)
_Asia_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asian_Jews)
* _Yemen_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenite_Jews) ·
* _Iraq_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq)
·
* _Iran_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran)
·
* _Turkey_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey) ·
* _Syria_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria)
·
* _Lebanon_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon) ·
* _Uzbekistan_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan) ·
* _Azerbaijan_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan) ·
* _India_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India)
·
* _China_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China)
·
* _Indonesia_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia) ·
* _Vietnam_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam) ·
* _Japan_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan)
·
* _Philippines_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines)
_Africa_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Jews)
* _Morocco_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Morocco) ·
* _Algeria_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria) ·
* _Tunisia_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia) ·
* _Libya_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya)
·
* _Egypt_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt)
·
* _Ethiopia_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Israel) ·
* _South Africa_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa) ·
* _Zimbabwe_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe)
North America
* _United States_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States) ·
* _Canada_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada)
_Latin America and Caribbean_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America)
* _Argentina_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina) ·
* _Bolivia_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bolivia) ·
* _Brazil_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil) ·
* _Chile_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Chile)
·
* _Cuba_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba)
·
* _Dominican Republic_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic) ·
* _El Salvador_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_El_Salvador) ·
* _Guyana_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guyana) ·
* _Haiti_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti)
·
* _Jamaica_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica) ·
* _Mexico_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism_in_Mexico) ·
* _Puerto Rico_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico) ·
* _Suriname_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname) ·
* _Uruguay_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uruguay) ·
* _Venezuela_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venezuela)
_Oceania_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oceania)
* _Australia_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia) ·
* _Fiji_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Fiji)
·
* _New Zealand_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_Zealand) ·
* _Palau_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Palau)
____________________________________
* _Judaism by country_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism_by_country)
* _Lists of Jews_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_Jews)
* _Historical population comparisons_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_comparisons)
_Denominations_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements)
_[show]_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#)
* _Alternative_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Judaism)
·
* _Classical Reform_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Reform_Judaism) ·
* _Conservative_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Judaism)
·
* _Humanistic_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism) ·
* _Haymanot_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haymanot) ·
* _Karaite_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaite_Judaism) ·
* _Liberal_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Judaism) ·
* _Orthodox_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism) ·
* _Progressive_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Judaism)
·
* _Reconstructionist_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism) ·
* _Reform_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_movement_in_Judaism)
·
* _Renewal_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Renewal) ·
* _Traditional_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_for_Traditional_Judaism)
_Culture_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_culture) _[show]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#)
* _Minyan_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyan) ·
* _Wedding_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_wedding) ·
* _Niddah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niddah) ·
* _Pidyon haben_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidyon_haben) ·
* _Music_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_music) ·
* _Cuisine_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_cuisine) ·
* _Hiloni_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiloni) ·
* _Shidduch_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shidduch) ·
* _Zeved habat_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeved_habat) ·
* _Conversion to Judaism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism)
_Languages_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_languages) _[show]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#)
* _Hebrew_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language)
(_Biblical_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew) ) ·
* _Yiddish_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish_language) ·
* _Juhuri_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juhuri_language) ·
* _Judæo-Iranian_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judæo-Iranian_languages) ·
* _Ladino_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish) ·
* _Knaanic_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knaanic_language) ·
* _Judeo-Aramaic_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_language) ·
* _Judeo-Arabic_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages)
_History_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_history) _[show]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#)
*
* _Timeline_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history) ·
* _Leaders_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_leadership) ·
* _Ancient history_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah)
* _Ancient and Medieval Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Israel_(Ancient_and_Medieval)) ·
* _Kingdom of Judah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah)
·
* _Temple in Jerusalem_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem) ·
* _Babylonian captivity_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_captivity) ·
* _Yehud Medinata_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehud_Medinata) ·
* _Jerusalem_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem) (_in Judaism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism) ·
* _timeline_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem) ) ·
* _Hasmonean dynasty_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty) ·
* _Sanhedrin_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin) ·
* _Schisms_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_schisms) ·
* _Pharisees_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharisees) ·
* _Jewish–Roman wars_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish–
Roman_wars) ·
* _Christianity and Judaism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism) ·
* _Hinduism and Judaism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism) ·
* _Islamic–Jewish relations_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic–
Jewish_relations) ·
* _Diaspora_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora) ·
* _Middle Ages_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages) ·
* _Golden Age_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain) ·
* _Sabbateans_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbateans) ·
* _Hasidism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism) ·
* _Haskalah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskalah) ·
* _Emancipation_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_emancipation)
·
* _Antisemitism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_antisemitism) ·
* _Persecution_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews)
·
* _The Holocaust_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust) ·
* _Modern Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Israel_(Modern)) ·
* _Land of Israel_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Israel) ·
* _Aliyah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah) ·
* _Jewish atheism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_atheism) ·
* _Baal teshuva_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement) ·
* _Arab–Israeli conflict_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab–
Israeli_conflict)
_Politics_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_political_movements)
_[hide]_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#)
* _Politics of Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Israel) ·
* Zionism (_Labor_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Zionism) ·
* _Revisionist_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism) ·
* _Religious_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Zionism) ·
* _Green_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Zionism) ·
* _General_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Zionists) ) ·
* _World Agudath Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel) ·
* _Bundism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundism) ·
* _Feminism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_feminism) ·
* _Jewish left_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_left) /
_right_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_right)
* _Category_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism)
* (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg) _Judaism
portal_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Judaism)
* _WikiProject_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Judaism)
* _v_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar) ·
* _t_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar) ·
* _e_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar&action=edit)
_Aliyah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg)
_Jewish_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews) immigration to the _Land of Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Israel) _Pre-Zionist_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Zionist_Aliyah)
* _The Return to Zion_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Return_to_Zion) ·
* _Old Yishuv_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Yishuv)
Before _Israeli independence_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence)
* _First_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Aliyah) ·
* _Second_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Aliyah) ·
* _During World War I_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah_and_yishuv_during_World_War_I) ·
* _Third_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Aliyah) ·
* _Fourth_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Aliyah) ·
* _Fifth_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Aliyah) ·
* _Aliyah Bet_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah_Bet) ·
* _Bricha_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bricha) ·
* _One Million Plan_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Million_Plan)
After _Israeli independence_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence)
* _Exodus from Muslim countries_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_and_Muslim_countries) ·
* _Operation Magic Carpet (Yemen)_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Magic_Carpet_(Yemen)) ·
* _Operation Ezra and Nehemiah_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ezra_and_Nehemiah) ·
* _1968 Polish aliyah_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis) ·
* _Aliyah from Ethiopia_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah_from_Ethiopia) ·
* _1970s Soviet Union aliyah_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970s_Soviet_Union_aliyah) ·
* _1990s Post-Soviet aliyah_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990s_Post-Soviet_aliyah) ·
* _2000s Latin America aliyah_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah_from_Latin_America_in_the_2000s)
Concepts
* _Judaism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism) ·
* Zionism ·
* _Galut_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galut) ·
* _Yerida_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerida) ·
* _Homeland for the Jewish people_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people) ·
* _Jewish messianism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_messianism) ·
* _Law of Return_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Return)
Persons and organizations
* _Theodor Herzl_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl) ·
* _Knesset_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knesset) ·
* _El Al_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Al) ·
* _World Zionist Organization_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization) ·
* _Jewish Agency for Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel) ·
* _Nefesh B'Nefesh_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefesh_B'Nefesh)
·
* _Ministry of Immigrant Absorption_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Immigrant_Absorption)
Related topics
* _Yishuv_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yishuv) ·
* _Immigrant camps_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrant_camps_(Israel)) ·
* _Revival of the Hebrew language_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language) ·
* _History of the Jews and Judaism
in the Land of Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel)
·
* _Israeli Jews_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Jews) ·
* _Jewish diaspora_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora)
·
* _Jewish history_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_history) ·
* _History of Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Zionism) ·
* _History of Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Israel_(Modern)) ·
* _Jewish population_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_population)
(
* _Historical_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_comparisons) )
_Category_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Aliyah)
* _v_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aliyah) ·
* _t_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Aliyah) ·
* _e_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Aliyah&action=edit)
Zionism (_Hebrew_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language) :
צִיּוֹנוּת, _translit._ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew)
Tsiyonoot) is a _nationalist_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist)
movement of _Jews_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews) and _Jewish culture_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_culture) that supports the creation
of a _Jewish homeland_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_homeland) in the
territory defined as the _Land of Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Israel) ._[1]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyl2001604.-1) A
religious variety of Zionism supports Jews upholding
their Jewish identity, opposes the assimilation of Jews into other societies
and has advocated the _return_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah) of
Jews to _Israel_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel) as a means for Jews
to be a majority in their own nation, and to be liberated from _antisemitic_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism) discrimination, exclusion, and
_persecution_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews) that had
historically occurred in the _diaspora_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora) ._[1]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyl2001604.-1)
Zionism emerged in the late 19th century in central and
eastern Europe as a national revival movement, and soon after this most
leaders of the movement associated the main goal with creating the desired
state
in _Palestine_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine) , then an area
controlled by the _Ottoman Empire_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) ._[2]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-RCohen-2) _[3]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-JGelvin-3) _[4]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-4) Since the establishment of
the _State
of Israel_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Israel) , the Zionist
movement continues primarily to advocate on behalf of Israel and address
threats to its continued existence and security. In a less common usage, the
term may also refer to non-political, _cultural Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Zionism) , founded and represented most
prominently by
_Ahad Ha'am_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahad_Ha'am) ; and political
support for the _State of Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Israel)
by non-Jews, as in _Christian Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Zionism) .
Defenders of Zionism say it is a _national liberation movement_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_liberation_movement) for the
repatriation of a
dispersed socio-religious group to what they see as an abandoned homeland
millennia before._[5]_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-5)
_[6]_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-6) _[7]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-7) _Critics of Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Zionism) see it as a _colonialist_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism) _[8]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-CHARCOL-8) or _racist_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism) _[9]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-CHARRAS-9) ideology that led
to
the denial of rights, dispossession and expulsion of the "indigenous
population of Palestine"._[10]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-10)
_[11]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-CurthoysGanguly2007-11) _[12]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-K.C4.ABf.C5.ABrkiy.C4.81n2009-12)
_[13]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-SchamSalem2005-13)
Contents
[_hide_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#) ]
* _1 Overview_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#Overview)
* _2 Terminology_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#Terminology)
* _3 Organization_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#Organization)
* _3.1 Labor Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#Labor_Zionism)
* _3.2 Liberal Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#Liberal_Zionism)
* _3.3 Nationalist Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#Nationalist_Zionism)
* _3.4 Religious Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#Religious_Zionism)
* _3.5 Green Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#Green_Zionism)
* _3.6 Neo-Zionism and Post-Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#Neo-Zionism_and_Post-Zionism)
* _3.7 Zionism and Haredi Judaism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#Zionism_and_Haredi_Judaism)
* _4 Particularities of Zionist beliefs_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#Particularities_of_Zionist_beliefs)
* _5 History_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#History)
* _5.1 The Balfour Declaration and the Palestine Mandate_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#The_Balfour_Declaration_and_the_Palestine_Mandate
)
* _5.2 The Rise of Hitler_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#The_Rise_of_Hitler)
* _5.3 Post-WWII_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#Post-WWII)
* _6 Non-Jewish support for Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#Non-Jewish_support_for_Zionism)
* _6.1 Christians supporting Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#Christians_supporting_Zionism)
* _6.2 Muslims supporting Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#Muslims_supporting_Zionism)
* _6.3 Hindu support for Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#Hindu_support_for_Zionism)
* _7 Marcus Garvey and Black Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#Marcus_Garvey_and_Black_Zionism)
* _8 Opposition to Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#Opposition_to_Zionism)
* _8.1 Catholic Church and Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#Catholic_Church_and_Zionism)
* _8.2 Characterization as colonialism or ethnic cleansing_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#Characterization_as_colonialism_or_ethnic_clean
sing)
* _8.3 Characterization as racist_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#Characterization_as_racist)
* _8.4 Anti-Semitism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#Anti-Semitism)
* _9 See also_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#See_also)
* _9.1 Types of Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#Types_of_Zionism)
* _9.2 Zionist institutions and organizations_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#Zionist_institutions_and_organizations)
* _9.3 History of Zionism and Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#History_of_Zionism_and_Israel)
* _9.4 Miscellanea_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#Miscellanea)
* _10 Footnotes_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#Footnotes)
* _11 Further reading_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#Further_reading)
* _11.1 Primary sources_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#Primary_sources)
* _12 External links_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#External_links)
Overview
Main article: _Types of Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_Zionism)
The common denominator among all Zionists is the claim to _Eretz Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eretz_Israel) as the national homeland of the
Jews and as the legitimate focus for the Jewish national
self-determination._[14]_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-14)
It is based on
historical ties and _religious traditions_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism) linking the Jewish people to the _Land
of Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Israel) ._[15]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-15) Zionism does not have a
uniform ideology, but has evolved in
a dialogue among a plethora of ideologies: General Zionism, _Religious
Zionism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Zionism) , _Labor Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Zionism) , _Revisionist Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism) , _Green Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Zionism) , etc.
After almost two millennia of existence of the _Jewish diaspora_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora) without a national state, the
Zionist
movement was founded in the late 19th century by _secular Jews_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_Jewish_culture) , largely as a response
by
_Ashkenazi Jews_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews) to rising
_antisemitism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism) in _Europe_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe) , exemplified by the _Dreyfus affair_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreyfus_affair) in France and the _anti-Jewish
pogroms in the Russian Empire_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Jewish_pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire)
._[16]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-16) The political movement
was formally established by the
_Austro-Hungarian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria–Hungary) journalist
_Theodor
Herzl_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl) in 1897 following the
publication of his book _Der Judenstaat_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Judenstaat) ._[17]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-17) At
that time, the movement sought to encourage _Jewish migration_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah) to the Ottoman _Palestine_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine) .
Although initially one of several Jewish political movements offering
alternative responses to _assimilation_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_assimilation) and antisemitism, Zionism
grew rapidly and became the dominant
force in Jewish politics with the destruction of Jewish life in Central and
Eastern Europe where these alternative movements were rooted.
The movement was eventually successful in establishing Israel on May 14,
1948 (5 Iyyar 5708 in the _Hebrew calendar_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_calendar) ), as the _homeland for the
Jewish people_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people) . The proportion
of the world's
Jews living in Israel has also steadily grown since the movement came into
existence and over 40% of the _world's Jews_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_population) now live in Israel, more
than in any other country.
These two outcomes represent the historical success of Zionism, unmatched by
any other Jewish political movement in the past 2,000 years. In some
academic studies, Zionism has been analyzed both within the larger context of
_diaspora politics_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora_politics) and as
an example of modern _national liberation movements_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation) ._[18]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-18)
Zionism also sought assimilation into the modern world. As a result of the
Diaspora, many of the Jewish people remained outsiders within their adopted
countries and became detached from modern ideas. So-called
"assimilationist" Jews desired complete integration into European society.
They were
willing to downplay their Jewish identity or even to abandon their traditional
views and opinions in an attempt at modernization and assimilation into the
modern world. A less radical form of assimilation was called cultural
synthesis.[_citation needed_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) ] Those in favor of
cultural synthesis desired continuity and only
moderate evolution, and were concerned that Jews should not lose their
identity. "Cultural synthesists" emphasized both a need to maintain
traditional
Jewish values and faith, and a need to conform to a modernist society._[19]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-19)
In 1975, the _United Nations General Assembly_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly) passed a
resolution that designated
Zionism as "_a form of racism and racial discrimination_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution_3379) ". The resolution was repealed
in 1991 by
replacing Resolution 3379 with _United Nations General Assembly Resolution
46/86_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_46/8
6) . Within the context of the _Arab–Israeli conflict_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab–Israeli_conflict) , Zionism is viewed by
critics as a system
that _fosters apartheid_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_and_the_apartheid_analogy) and
racism._[20]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-20)
Terminology
The term "Zionism" itself is derived from the word _Zion_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zion) (_Hebrew_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language)
: ציון, Tzi-yon), referring to _Jerusalem_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem) . Throughout eastern Europe in the
late 19th century, there
were numerous grassroots groups promoting the national resettlement of the
Jews in what was termed their "ancestral homeland", as well as the
revitalization and cultivation of _Hebrew_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew) .
These groups were collectively called the "_Lovers of Zion_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovers_of_Zion) ." The first use of the term is
attributed to
the Austrian _Nathan Birnbaum_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Birnbaum)
, founder of a nationalist Jewish students' movement Kadimah, who used the
term in 1890 in his journal Selbstemanzipation (Self Emancipation)._[21]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-21)
Organization
Members and delegates at the 1939 Zionist congress, by country/region
(Zionism was banned in the Soviet Union). 70,000 Polish Jews supported the
_Revisionist Zionism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism)
movement, which was not represented._[22]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-22) Country/Region Members
Delegates Poland 299,165 109 USA
263,741 114 Palestine 167,562 134 Romania 60,013 28 United Kingdom 23,513
15 South Africa 22,343 14 Canada 15,220 8
The multi-national, worldwide Zionist _movement_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_movement) is structured on
_representative democratic_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_democracy) principles.
Congresses are held every four years (they were held every two years before
the
Second World War) and delegates to the congress are elected by the
membership. Members are required to pay dues known as a shekel. At the
congress,
delegates elect a 30-man executive council, which in turn elects the
movement's
leader. The movement was democratic from its inception and women had the
right to vote.
Until 1917, the _World Zionist Organization_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization) pursued a strategy
of building a _Jewish
National Home_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_National_Home) through
persistent small-scale immigration and the founding of such bodies as the
_Jewish National Fund_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund)
(1901 — a charity that bought land for Jewish settlement) and the
_Anglo-Palestine Bank_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Palestine_Bank)
(1903 —
provided loans for Jewish businesses and farmers). In 1942, at the _Biltmore
Conference_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biltmore_Conference) , the movement
included for the first time an express objective of the establishment of a
Jewish state in the Land of Israel.
The 28th _Zionist Congress_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionist_Congress)
, meeting in Jerusalem in 1968, adopted the five points of the "Jerusalem
Program" as the aims of Zionism today. They are:_[23]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-23)
* Unity of the Jewish People and the centrality of Israel in Jewish
life
* Ingathering of the Jewish People in its historic homeland, Eretz
Israel, through _Aliyah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah) from all
countries
* Strengthening of the State of Israel, based on the prophetic vision
of justice and peace
* Preservation of the identity of the Jewish People through fostering
of Jewish and Hebrew education, and of Jewish spiritual and cultural
values
* Protection of Jewish rights everywhere
Since the creation of modern Israel, the role of the movement has declined
and it is now a peripheral factor in _Israeli politics_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_politics) , though different perceptions
of Zionism
continue to play a role in Israeli and Jewish political discussion.
Labor Zionism
Main article: _Labor Zionists_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Zionists)
Labor Zionism originated in Eastern Europe. Socialist Zionists believed
that centuries of oppression in antisemitic societies had reduced Jews to a
meek, vulnerable, despairing existence that invited further antisemitism, a
view originally stipulated by _Theodor Herzl_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl) . They argued that a revolution
of the Jewish soul and
society was necessary and achievable in part by Jews moving to Israel and
becoming farmers, workers, and soldiers in a country of their own. Most
socialist
Zionists rejected the observance of traditional religious Judaism as
perpetuating a "Diaspora mentality" among the Jewish people, and established
rural communes in Israel called "_kibbutzim_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibbutz) ". The kibbutz began as a variation on
a "national farm" scheme, a
form of cooperative agriculture where the Jewish National Fund hired Jewish
workers under trained supervision. The kibbutzim were a symbol of the Second
_Aliya_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah) in that they put great
emphasis on communalism and egalitarianism, representing to a certain extent
Utopian socialism. Furthermore, they stressed self-sufficiency, which became an
important aspect of Labor Zionism. Though socialist Zionism draws its
inspiration and is philosophically founded on the fundamental values and
spirituality of Judaism, its progressive expression of that Judaism has often
fostered an antagonistic relationship with _Orthodox Judaism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism) .
Labor Zionism became the dominant force in the political and economic life
of the _Yishuv_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yishuv) during the _British
Mandate of Palestine_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Mandate_of_Palestine) and was the
dominant ideology of the political establishment in
Israel until the _1977 election_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_legislative_election,_1977) when the
_Israeli Labor Party_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Labor_Party) was defeated. The _Israeli
Labor Party_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Labor_Party) continues the tradition,
although the most popular party in the kibbutzim is _Meretz_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meretz) .[_citation needed_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) ] Labor Zionism's main
institution is the Histadrut,
which began by providing strikebreakers against a Palestinian worker's
strike in 1920 and is now the largest employer in Israel after the Israeli
government.
Liberal Zionism
Main article: _General Zionists_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Zionists)
General Zionism (or Liberal Zionism) was initially the dominant trend
within the Zionist movement from the _First Zionist Congress_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Zionist_Congress) in 1897 until after the
First World
War. General Zionists identified with the liberal European middle class to
which many Zionist leaders such as Herzl and _Chaim Weizmann_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaim_Weizmann) aspired. Liberal Zionism,
although not
associated with any single party in modern Israel, remains a strong trend in
Israeli politics advocating free market principles, democracy and adherence
to human rights. _Kadima_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadima) , however,
does identify with many of the fundamental policies of Liberal Zionist
ideology, advocating among other things the need for Palestinian statehood in
order to form a more democratic society in Israel, affirming the free market,
and calling for equal rights for Arab citizens of Israel.
Nationalist Zionism
Main article: _Revisionist Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism)
Nationalist Zionism originated from the Revisionist Zionists led by
_Jabotinsky_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabotinsky) . The Revisionists left
the
World Zionist Organization in 1935 because it refused to state that the
creation of a Jewish state was an objective of Zionism. The revisionists
advocated the formation of a Jewish Army in Palestine to force the Arab
population to accept mass Jewish migration. Revisionist Zionism evolved into
the
_Likud_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likud) Party in Israel, which has
dominated most governments since 1977. It advocates that Israel maintain
control of the _West Bank_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank) , including
_East Jerusalem_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Jerusalem) , and takes a
hard-line approach in the Israeli-Arab conflict. In 2005 the Likud split
over the issue of creation of a Palestinian state on the occupied
territories, and party members advocating peace talks helped form the _Kadima_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadima) party.
Religious Zionism
Main article: _Religious Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Zionism)
In the 1920s and 1930s Rabbi _Abraham Isaac Kook_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Isaac_Kook) (the first _Chief Rabbi of
Palestine_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Rabbinate_of_Israel) ) and his son Rabbi
Zevi
Judah Kook saw great religious and traditional value in many of Zionism's
ideals, while rejecting its anti-religious undertones. They taught that
Orthodox
(Torah) Judaism embraces and mandates Zionism's positive ideals, such as
the ingathering of exiles, and political activity to create and maintain a
Jewish political entity in the Land of Israel. In this way, Zionism serves
as a bridge between Orthodox and secular Jews.
While other Zionist groups tended to moderate their nationalism over time,
the _gains_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories)
from the _Six-Day War_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War) have led
religious Zionism to play a significant role in Israeli political life. Now
associated with the _National Religious Party_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Religious_Party) and _Gush Emunim_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gush_Emunim) , religious Zionists have been at
the forefront of Jewish
settlement in the West Bank and efforts to assert Jewish control over the
_Old City_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_City_(Jerusalem)) of Jerusalem.
Green Zionism
Main article: _Green Zionism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Zionism)
_Green Zionism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Zionism) is a branch
of Zionism primarily concerned with the environment of Israel. The only
environmental Zionist party is the _Green Zionist Alliance_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Zionist_Alliance) .
Neo-Zionism and Post-Zionism
During the last quarter of the 20th century, classic nationalism in Israel
declined. This led to the rise of two antagonistic movements: _neo-Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Zionism) and _post-Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Zionism) . Both movements mark the Israeli
version
of a worldwide phenomenon:
* Emergence of globalization, a market society and liberal culture
* Local backlash_[24]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-24)
Neo-Zionism and post-Zionism share traits with "classical" Zionism but
differ by accentuating antagonist and diametrically opposed poles already
present in Zionism. "Neo Zionism accentuates the messianic and particularistic
dimensions of Zionist nationalism, while post-Zionism accentuates its
normalising and universalistic dimensions"._[25]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-Chan58-25) Post-Zionism
asserts that Israel should
abandon the concept of a "state of the Jewish people" and strive to be a state
of
all its citizens,_[26]_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-26)
or a _binational state_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-state_solution)
where Arabs and Jews live together while enjoying some type of autonomy.
Zionism and Haredi Judaism
See also: _Haredim and Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haredim_and_Zionism)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg)
This section needs additional citations for _verification_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help _improve
this
article_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&action=edit) by
_adding citations to reliable sources_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:
Introduction_to_referencing/1) . Unsourced material may be challenged and
removed. (August 2014)
Most Haredi Orthodox organizations do not belong to the Zionist movement;
they view Zionism as secular, reject nationalism as a doctrine and consider
Judaism to be first and foremost a religion. However, some Haredi movements
such as _Shas_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shas) do openly affiliate
with the Zionist movement.
Haredi rabbis do not consider Israel to be a _halachic_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halacha) Jewish state because it is secular.
However, they
generally consider themselves responsible for ensuring that Jews maintain
religious ideals and since most Israeli citizens are Jews they pursue this
agenda within Israel. Others reject any possibility of a Jewish state, since
according to them a Jewish state is completely forbidden by Jewish law, and a
Jewish state is considered an oxymoron.
Two Haredi parties run in Israeli elections. They are sometimes associated
with views that could be regarded as nationalist or Zionist, and have shown
a preference for coalitions with more nationalist Zionist parties,
probably because these are more interested in enhancing the Jewish nature of
the
Israeli state.
The Sephardi-Orthodox party _Shas_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shas)
rejected association with the Zionist movement, however in 2010 it joined the
_World Zionist Organization_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization) , its voters also
generally regard themselves as Zionist and
Knesset members frequently pursue what others might consider a Zionist agenda.
Shas has supported territorial compromise with the Arabs and Palestinians
but generally opposes compromise over Jewish holy sites.
The non-Hasidic or 'Lithuanian' Haredi Ashkenazi world is represented by
the Ashkenazi _Agudat Israel_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agudat_Israel)
/_UTJ_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Torah_Judaism) party has always
avoided association with the Zionist movement and usually avoids voting on
or discussing issues related to peace because its members do not serve in
the army. The party does work towards ensuring that Israel and Israeli law
are in tune with the _halacha_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halacha) , on
issues such as _Shabbat_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat) rest. The
rabbinical leaders of the so-called Litvishe world in current and past
generations, such as Rabbi _Elazar Menachem Shach_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elazar_Menachem_Shach) and Rabbi _Avigdor
Miller_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avigdor_Miller) , are strongly opposed to all
forms of Zionism,
religious and secular, but allow for slight cooperation in the form of
participating in Israeli political life, including both passive and active
participation in elections.
Many other _Hasidic_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism)
groups, most famously the _Satmar_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satmar_(Hasidic_dynasty)) Hasidim as well as
the larger movement they are part of in
Jerusalem, the _Edah HaChareidis_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edah_HaChareidis)
, are strongly anti-Zionist. One of the best known Hasidic opponent of all
forms of modern political Zionism was _Hungarian_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary) _rebbe_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebbe) and _Talmudic_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud) scholar _Joel Teitelbaum_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Teitelbaum) . In his view, the current
_State of
Israel_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Israel) , which was _founded_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Establishment_of_the_State_
of_Israel) by people that included some anti-religious personalities in
seeming violation of the traditional notion that Jews should wait for the
Jewish Messiah, is seen as contrary to Judaism. The core citations from
classical Judaic sources cited by Teitelbaum in his arguments against modern
Zionism are based on a passage in the Talmud, Rabbi Yosi b'Rebbi Hanina
explains (Kesubos 111a) that the Lord imposed "_Three Oaths_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Oaths) " on the nation of Israel: a)
Israel should not
return to the Land together, by force; b) Israel should not rebel against the
other nations; and c) The nations should not subjugate Israel too harshly.
According to Teitelbaum, the second oath is relevant concerning the
subsequent wars fought between Israel and Arab nations.
Other opponent groups included in the Edah HaChareidis include _Dushinsky_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushinsky) , _Toldos Aharon_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toldos_Aharon) , _Toldos Avrohom Yitzchok_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toldos_Avrohom_Yitzchok) , _Spinka_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinka) , and others, numbering tens of
thousands in Jerusalem, and
hundreds of thousands worldwide.
The _Neturei Karta_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neturei_Karta) , an
orthodox Haredi religious movement, strongly oppose Zionism and Israel; it
considers the latter a racist regime._[27]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-27) The movement equates
Zionism to _Nazism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism) , stating "Apart from the Zionists, the
only ones who
consistently considered the Jews a race were the Nazis."_[28]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-28) Naturei Karta believes
that
Zionist ideology is totally contrary to traditional _Jewish law_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_law) and beliefs and the teachings of
the _Holy
Torah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah) _[29]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-29) and that Zionism promotes
_antisemitism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism) ._[30]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-30)
The _Chabad-Lubavitch_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabad-Lubavitch)
Hasidic movement has traditionally not identified itself as Zionist, although
in recent years it has adopted a nationalist agenda and opposed any
territorial compromise to become _Neo-Zionist_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Zionism) .
Particularities of Zionist beliefs
Main articles: _Return to Zion_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_to_Zion) , _Aliyah_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah) , _Racial antisemitism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_antisemitism) , _New antisemitism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_antisemitism) , _Religious antisemitism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_antisemitism) and _Revival of the
Hebrew language_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language)
See also: _Yiddish_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish) , _Ladino
language_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladino_language) and _Hebraization of
surnames_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames)
Zionism was established with the goal of creating a Jewish state. Though
later Zionist leaders hoped to create a Jewish state in Eretz Yisrael,
Theodor Herzl "approached Great Britain about possible Jewish settlement in
that
country's East African colonies."_[31]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-31) _Aliyah_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah)
(migration, literally "ascent") to the Land of Israel is a recurring theme in
Jewish prayers. _Rejection of life in the Diaspora_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negation_of_the_Diaspora) is a central
assumption in Zionism._[32]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-32) Underlying this attitude
is
the feeling that the Diaspora restricts the full growth of Jewish
individual and national life.
Zionists generally preferred to speak _Hebrew_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew) , a _Semitic language_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_language) that developed under
conditions of freedom in ancient _Judah_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah) , modernizing and adapting it
for
everyday use. Zionists sometimes refused to speak _Yiddish_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish) , a language they considered affected
by _European
persecution_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe) . Once
they moved to Israel, many Zionists refused to speak their (diasporic) mother
tongues and gave themselves new, Hebrew names. Hebrew was preferred not
only for ideological reasons, but also because it allowed all citizens of the
new state to have a common language, thus furthering the political and
cultural bonds between Zionists.
Major aspects of the Zionist idea are represented in the _Israeli
Declaration of Independence_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence) :
The Land of Israel was the birthplace of the Jewish people. Here their
spiritual, religious and political identity was shaped. Here they first
attained to statehood, created cultural values of national and universal
significance and gave to the world the eternal Book of Books.
After being forcibly exiled from their land, the people kept faith with it
throughout their Dispersion and never ceased to pray and hope for their
return to it and for the restoration in it of their political freedom.
Impelled by this historic and traditional attachment, Jews strove in every
successive generation to re-establish themselves in their ancient homeland.
In recent decades they returned in their masses._[33]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-Harris-33)
Zionism is dedicated to fighting antisemitism. Some Zionists believe
antisemitism will never disappear (and that Jews must conduct themselves with
this in mind),_[34]_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-34)
while others perceive Zionism as a vehicle with which to end antisemitism.
History
Main articles: _History of Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Zionism) and _History of Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Israel)
Population of Palestine by ethno-religious groups_[35]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-35) Year _Muslims_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Palestine) _Jews_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yishuv)
_Christians_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Christians) Others
Total
1922 486,177 (74.91%) 83,790 (12.91%) 71,464 (11.01%) 7,617 (1.17%)
649,048 1931 493,147 (64.32%) 174,606 (22.77%) 88,907 (11.60%) 10,101 (1.32%)
766,761 1941 906,551 (59.68%) 474,102 (31.21%) 125,413 (8.26%) 12,881 (0.85%)
1,518,947 1946 1,076,783 (58.34%) 608,225 (32.96%) 145,063 (7.86%) 15,488
(0.84%) 1,845,559
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Delegates_at_First_Zionist_Congress.jpg)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Delegates_at_First_Zionist_Congress.jpg)
The delegates at the _First Zionist Congress_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Zionist_Congress) , held in _Basel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel) , Switzerland (1897).
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Memorandum_to_Protestant_Monarchs_of_Europe_for_the_restoration_of_the_Jews_to_Palestine,_Colonial_Times_1841.jpg)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Memorandum_to_Protestant_Monarchs_of_Europe_for_the_restoration_of_the_Jews_to_Palestine,_Colonial_Times_1841.jpg)
_Lord Shaftesbury_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_7th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury)
's "Memorandum to Protestant Monarchs of Europe for
the restoration of the Jews to Palestine", published in the _Colonial Times_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Times) , in 1841
Since the first centuries CE most Jews have lived outside _Land of Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Israel) (Eretz Israel, better known
as _Palestine_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine) by non-Jews),
although there has been a constant presence of Jews. According to Judaism,
Christianity, and Islam, _Eretz Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eretz_Israel) is a land promised to the Jews by
God according to the Hebrew and
Greek Bibles and the Quran, respectively. The Diaspora began in 586 BCE during
the Babylonian occupation of Israel. The Babylonians destroyed the First
Temple, which was central to Jewish culture at the time. After the 1st
century _Great Revolt_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Jewish–Roman_War)
and
the 2nd century _Bar Kokhba revolt_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt) , the _Romans_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire)
expelled the Jews from _Judea_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea) ,
changing
the name to Syria Palaestina. The Bar Kokhba revolt caused a spike in
anti-Semitism and Jewish persecution. The ensuing exile from Judea greatly
increased the percent of Jews who were dispersed throughout the Diaspora
instead
of living in their original home.
_Zion_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Zion) is a hill near Jerusalem
(now in the city), widely symbolizing the Land of Israel.
In the middle of the 16th century _Joseph Nasi_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Nasi) , with the support of the _Ottoman
Empire_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) , tried to gather the Portuguese
Jews, first
to _Cyprus_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus) , then owned by the
Republic of Venice and later to Tiberias. This was the only practical attempt
to
establish some sort of Jewish political center in Palestine between the
fourth and 19th centuries._[36]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-36) In the 17th century
_Sabbatai Zebi_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbatai_Zebi) (1626–1676) announced himself as
the Messias and gained over
many Jews to his side, forming a base in Salonica. He first tried to
establish a settlement in Gaza, but moved later to Smyrna. After deposing the
old rabbi _Aaron Lapapa_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Lapapa) even the
Jewish community of _Avignon_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon)
prepared to emigrate to the new kingdom in the spring of 1666. The readiness
of
the Jews of the time to believe the messianic claims of Sabbatai Zevi may
be largely explained by the desperate state of European Jewry in the
mid-17th century. The bloody pogroms of _Bohdan Khmelnytsky_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky) had wiped out one third of
the Jewish
population and destroyed many centers of Jewish learning and communal life.
Finally, he was forced by the Ottoman Sultan _Mehmed IV_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_IV) to visit him and, to the surprise of
his followers, in
the presence of the Sultan he converted to Islam._[37]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-37) _[38]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-38)
In the 19th century, a current in Judaism supporting a _return to Zion_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_to_Zion) grew in popularity,_[39]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-39) particularly in Europe,
where antisemitism and hostility towards Jews were also growing, although this
idea was rejected by the conferences of rabbis held in that epoch.
Nonetheless, individual efforts supported the emigration of groups of Jews to
Palestine, _pre-Zionist Aliyah_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah#Pre-Zionist_Aliyah) , even before 1897,
the year considered as the start of practical
Zionism._[40]_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-40)
The Reformed Jews rejected this idea of a return to Zion. The conference of
rabbis, at _Frankfurt am Main_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main) , July 15–28, 1845, deleted
from the ritual all prayers for a return
to Zion and a restoration of a Jewish state. The Philadelphia conference,
1869, followed the lead of the German rabbis and decreed that the Messianic
hope of Israel is "the union of all the children of God in the confession
of the unity of God". The Pittsburg conference, 1885, reiterated this
Messianic idea of reformed Judaism, expressing in a resolution that "we
consider
ourselves no longer a nation, but a religious community; and we therefore
expect neither a return to Palestine, nor a sacrificial worship under the
sons of Aaron, nor the restoration of any of the laws concerning a Jewish
state"._[41]_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-41)
Jewish settlements were established in the upper Mississippi region by W.D.
Robinson in 1819 and near Jerusalem, by the American Consul _Warder
Cresson_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warder_Cresson) , a convert to Judaism,
in
1850. Cresson was tried and condemned for lunacy in a suit brought forward
by his own wife and son. The basis of the suit was that only a lunatic
would convert to Judaism from Christianity. After a second trail, revolving
upon the centrality of American freedom of faith issues and anti-Semitism,
Cresson won the bitterly contested suit._[42]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-42) He emigrated to Ottoman
Palestine and established an
agricultural colony in the _Valley of Rephaim_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_Rephaim) of Jerusalem. He hoped to
"prevent any attempts being
made to take advantage of the necessities of our poor brethren ... (that
would) ... FORCE them into a pretended conversion."_[43]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-43) Moral but not practical
efforts were
made in Prague, by _Abraham Benisch_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Benisch) and _Moritz Steinschneider_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz_Steinschneider) in 1835. In the United
States, _Mordechai Noah_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mordechai_Noah&action=edit&redlink=1)
attempted to establish a Jewish refuge opposite Buffalo, N.Y. on Grand Isle,
1825._[44]_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-44) _[45]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-45) The early Jewish efforts
of
Cresson, Benisch, Steinschneider and Noah failed.
Sir _Moses Montefiore_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Montefiore) ,
famous for his intervention in favor of Jews around the world, including the
attempt to rescue _Edgardo Mortara_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgardo_Mortara) , established a colony for Jews
in Palestine. In 1854, his friend
_Judah Touro_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_Touro) bequeathed money
to fund Jewish residential settlement in Palestine. Montefiore was appointed
executor of his will, and used the funds for a variety of projects,
including building in 1860 the first Jewish residential settlement and
almshouse
outside of the old walled city of Jerusalem—today known as _Mishkenot
Sha'ananim_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishkenot_Sha'ananim) . _Laurence
Oliphant_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Oliphant_(author)) failed in
a
like attempt to bring to Palestine the Jewish proletariat of Poland,
Lithuania, Romania, and the Turkish Empire (1879 and 1882). The official
beginning of the construction of the _New Yishuv_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Yishuv) in Palestine is usually dated back
to the arrival of the _Bilu_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilu) group in 1882, which commenced the
_First Aliyah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Aliyah) . In the following
years, Jewish immigration to Palestine started in earnest. Most _immigrants_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_refugees) came from Russia, escaping
the frequent _pogroms_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom) and state-led
persecution. They founded a number of agricultural settlements with
financial support from Jewish philanthropists in Western Europe. Further
Aliyahs
followed the _Russian Revolution_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)) and _Nazi_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi)
persecution. However, at the end of the 19th century, Jews still were a
minority in
Palestina.
In the 1890s, _Theodor Herzl_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl)
infused Zionism with a new _ideology_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Judenstaat) and practical urgency, leading
to the _First Zionist Congress_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Zionist_Congress) at _Basel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel) in 1897, which created the _World
Zionist
Organization_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization)
(WZO)._[46]_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-46) Herzl's
_aim_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Zionist_Congress#Basel_program) was to
initiate necessary preparatory steps for the attainment of a Jewish state.
Herzl's attempts to reach a political agreement with the _Ottoman_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) rulers of Palestine were
unsuccessful
and other governmental support was sought. The WZO supported small-scale
settlement in Palestine and focused on strengthening Jewish feeling and
consciousness and on building a worldwide federation.
The Russian Empire, with its long record of state organized genocide and
ethnic cleansing ("pogroms") was widely regarded as the historic enemy of the
Jewish people. As much of its leadership were German speakers, the Zionist
movement's headquarters were located in Berlin. At the start of World War
I, most Jews (and Zionists) supported Germany in its war with Russia.
The Balfour Declaration and the Palestine Mandate
In 1903, the Zionist congress declined an offer by the British to establish
a homeland in Uganda. Lobbying by a Russian Jewish immigrant, _Chaim
Weizmann_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaim_Weizmann) and fear that
_American
Jews_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Jews) would encourage the
USA to support Germany culminated in the British government's _Balfour
Declaration_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Declaration) of 1917,
which
endorsed the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, as follows:
His Majesty's government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of
a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours
to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood
that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious
rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and
political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country._[47]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-47)
In 1922, the _League of Nations_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations) adopted the declaration, and
granted to Britain the _Palestine
Mandate_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Mandate_of_Palestine) :
The Mandate will secure the establishment of the Jewish national home ...
and the development of self-governing institutions, and also safeguard the
civil and religious rights of all the inhabitants of Palestine, irrespective
of race and religion._[48]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-48)
Weizmann's role in obtaining the Balfour Declaration led to his election as
the movement's leader. He remained in that role until 1948 and then became
the first _President of Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Israel) .
Jewish migration to Palestine and widespread Jewish land purchases from
feudal[_citation needed_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) ] landlords led to
landlessness among Palestinian Arabs and fueled
unrest. There were riots in _1920_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Nebi_Musa_riots) , _1921_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffa_riots) and _1929_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots) , in which both Jews and
Arabs were killed._[49]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-BBC-49) Britain was
responsible for the Palestinian mandate and, after the
Balfour Declaration, it supported Jewish immigration in principle, but in
reaction to the violent events that followed, the _Peel Commission_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peel_Commission) published a report proposing
new
provisions and restrictions.
The Rise of Hitler
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg)
This section needs additional citations for _verification_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help _improve
this
article_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&action=edit) by
_adding citations to reliable sources_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1) . Unsourced
material may be challenged and
removed. (March 2013)
In 1933, _Hitler_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler) came to power in
Germany, and in 1935 the _Nuremberg Laws_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws) made German Jews (and later
_Austrian_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschluss) and _Czech Jews_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Jews) ) stateless refugees. Similar rules
were applied by the many _Nazi
allies_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers) in Europe. The subsequent
growth in Jewish migration and impact of _Nazi propaganda_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_propaganda) aimed at the Arab world led to
the _1936–1939
Arab revolt in Palestine_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936–
1939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine) . Britain established the _Peel Commission_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peel_Commission) to investigate the situation.
The
commission did not consider the situation of Jews in Europe, but called for a
two-state solution and compulsory _transfer of populations_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_transfer) . Britain rejected this
solution and instead
implemented _White Paper of 1939_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Paper_of_1939) . This planned to end
Jewish immigration by 1944 and to allow no
more than 75,000 further Jewish migrants. This was disastrous to European
Jews already being gravely discriminated against and in need of a place to
seek refuge. The British maintained this policy until the end of the Mandate.
Growth of the Jewish community in Palestine and devastation of European
Jewish life sidelined the World Zionist Organization. The Jewish Agency for
Palestine under the leadership of _David Ben-Gurion_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion) increasingly dictated policy
with support from
American Zionists who provided funding and influence in Washington, D.C.,
including via the highly effective _American Palestine Committee_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Palestine_Committee) .
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948_2.jpg)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948_2.jpg)
_David Ben-Gurion_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion)
proclaiming Israel's independence beneath a large portrait of _Theodor Herzl_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl) .
During World War II, as the horrors of _the Holocaust_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust) became known, the Zionist
leadership formulated
the _One Million Plan_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Million_Plan) , a
reduction from Ben-Gurion's previous target of two million immigrants.
Following the end of the war, a massive wave of _stateless Jews_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh'erit_ha-Pletah) , mainly _Holocaust
survivors_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_survivors) , began _migrating to
Palestine_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah_Bet) in small boats in defiance of
British rules. The Holocaust united much of the rest of world Jewry behind the
Zionist project._[50]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-miracle-50) The British
either _imprisoned these Jews in Cyprus_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_internment_camps) (including many
orphaned
children) or _sent them_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Exodus) to the
British-controlled _Allied Occupation Zones in Germany_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Occupation_Zones_in_Germany) . This
resulted in universal Jewish
support for Zionism and the refusal of the U.S. Congress to grant economic
aid to Britain. In addition, Zionist groups _attacked the British in
Palestine_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British–Zionist_conflict) and, with
its
empire facing bankruptcy, Britain was forced to refer the issue to the newly
created United Nations.
Post-WWII
In 1947, the _United Nations Special Committee on Palestine_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Committee_on_Palestine)
(UNSCOP)
recommended that western Palestine should be partitioned into a Jewish state,
an Arab state and a _UN-controlled territory, Corpus separatum, around
Jerusalem_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(Jerusalem)) ._[51]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-51) This _partition plan_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine)
was adopted on November 29, 1947 with _UN GA Resolution 181_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine) , 33
votes in
favor, 13 against, and 10 abstentions. The vote led to celebrations in the
streets of Jewish cities._[52]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-52) However, the Palestinian
Arabs and the Arab states rejected the UN
decision, demanding a single state and removal of Jewish migrants, leading
to the _1948 Arab–Israeli War_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab–
Israeli_War) .
On May 14, 1948, at the end of the _British mandate_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Mandate_of_Palestine) , the Jewish
Agency, led by _David
Ben-Gurion_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion) , declared the
creation of the State of Israel, and the same day the armies of seven _Arab
countries invaded Israel_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab–
Israeli_War) . The conflict led to an _exodus_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Palestinian_exodus) of about 711,000
_Palestinian Arabs_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_people) ,_[53]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-53) known in Arabic as
al-Nakba ("the Catastrophe"). Later, _a
series of laws_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_and_Property_laws_in_Israel#The_.27Absentees_Property_Law.27)
passed by the first Israeli government
prevented Palestinians from returning to their homes, or claiming their
property. They and many of their descendants remain _refugees_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_refugees) ._[54]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-54) _[55]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-UNRWA-55) The flight and
expulsion of the Palestinians has since been
widely, and controversially, described as having involved _ethnic cleansing_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing) ._[56]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-IANBLACK-56) _[57]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-morris_shavit-57) According
to a growing consensus
between Israeli and Palestinian historians, expulsion and destruction of
villages played a part in the origin of the Palestinian refugees._[58]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-58) _Efraim Karsh_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efraim_Karsh) , however, states that most of the
Arabs who
fled left of their own accord or were pressured to leave by their fellow
Arabs, despite Israeli attempts to convince them to stay._[59]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-59) _[60]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-60)
Since the creation of the State of Israel, the _World Zionist
Organization_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization) has
functioned
mainly as an organization dedicated to assisting and encouraging Jews to
migrate to Israel. It has provided political support for Israel in other
countries but plays little role in internal Israeli politics. The movement's
major success since 1948 was in providing logistical support for migrating
Jews and, most importantly, in assisting _Soviet Jews_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Jews) in their struggle with the
authorities over the right
to leave the _USSR_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR) and to practice
their religion in freedom, and the _exodus of 850,000 Jews_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_lands) from the Arab
world, mostly to
Israel. In 1944-45, Ben-Gurion described the _One Million Plan_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Million_Plan) to foreign officials as being
the
"primary goal and top priority of the Zionist movement."_[61]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacohen1991262_.232-61)
The
immigration restrictions of the British _White Paper of 1939_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Paper_of_1939) meant that such a plan was
not able to be
put into large scale effect until the _Israeli Declaration of
Independence_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence) in May
1948. The new country's immigration policy had some opposition within the
new Israeli government, such as those who argued that there was "no
justification for organizing large-scale emigration among Jews whose lives
were
not in danger, particularly when the desire and motivation were not their
own"_[62]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakohen200346-62) as
well as those who argued that the absorption process caused
"undue hardship"._[63]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakohen2003246-247-63)
However, the force of Ben-Gurion's influence and
insistence ensured that his immigration policy was carried out._[64]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakohen200347-64)
_[65]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakohen2003247-65)
Non-Jewish support for Zionism
Political support for the Jewish return to the Land of Israel predates the
formal organization of Jewish Zionism as a political movement. In the 19th
century, advocates of the _Restoration of the Jews to the Holy Land_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_of_the_Jews_to_the_Holy_Land) were
called Restorationists. The return of the Jews to the Holy Land was widely
supported by such eminent figures as _Queen Victoria_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria) , _Napoleon Bonaparte_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte) ,_[66]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-66) _King Edward VII_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_VII) ,
President _John Adams_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams) of the
United States, _General Smuts_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Smuts) of
South Africa, _President Masaryk_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomáš
_Garrigue_Masaryk) of _Czechoslovakia_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia)
, philosopher and historian _Benedetto Croce_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce) from Italy, _Henry Dunant_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Dunant) (founder of the _Red Cross_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cross) and author of the _Geneva
Conventions_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Conventions) ), and scientist and
humanitarian _Fridtjof
Nansen_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen) from _Norway_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway) .
The French government through Minister M. Cambon formally committed itself
to "... the renaissance of the Jewish nationality in that Land from which
the people of Israel were exiled so many centuries ago."
In China, top figures of the _Nationalist government_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang) , including _Sun Yat-sen_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen) , expressed their sympathy with the
aspirations of the
Jewish people for a National Home._[67]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-67)
Christians supporting Zionism
Main article: _Christian Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Zionism)
Some Christians have actively supported the return of Jews to Palestine
even prior to Zionism, as well as subsequently. Anita Shapira, a history
professor emerita at Tel Aviv University, suggests that evangelical Christian
restorationists of the 1840s 'passed this notion on to Jewish circles'._[68]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-shapira-68) It was common
among the Puritans to anticipate and frequently pray for a Jewish return
to their homeland._[69]_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-69)
One of the principal Protestant teachers who promoted the biblical
doctrine that the Jews would return to their national homeland was _John
Nelson
Darby_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nelson_Darby) . His doctrine of
_dispensationalism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispensationalism) is
credited with promoting Zionism, following his 11 lectures on the hopes of the
church, the Jew and the gentile given in Geneva in 1840._[70]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-70) However, others like _C H
Spurgeon_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Spurgeon) ,_[71]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-71) _both Horatius_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatius_Bonar) _[72]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-Bonar-72) and _Andrew Bonar_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Bonar) ,
_Robert Murray M'Chyene_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Murray_M'Cheyne) ,_[73]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-MCheyne-73)
and _J C Ryle_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._Ryle) _[74]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-74) were among a number of
prominent
proponents of both the importance and significance of a Jewish return, who
were not dispensationalist. Pro-Zionist views were embraced by many
evangelicals and also affected international foreign policy. Notable early
supporters of Zionism include British Prime Ministers _David Lloyd George_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lloyd_George) and _Arthur Balfour_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Balfour) , American President _Woodrow
Wilson_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson) and British _Major-General_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major-general_(United_Kingdom)) _Orde Wingate_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_Wingate) , whose activities in support of
Zionism led the British Army to ban him from ever serving in Palestine.
According to Charles Merkley of Carleton University, Christian Zionism
strengthened significantly after the _Six-Day War_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War) of 1967, and many
_dispensationalist_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispensationalism) and non-dispensationalist
evangelical Christians,
especially in the United States, now strongly support Zionism.
The founder of _Latter Day Saint movement_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement) , _Joseph Smith, Jr._
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith,_Jr.) , in his last years alive,
declared "the time for Jews
to return to the land of Israel is now." In 1842, Smith sent _Orson Hyde_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Hyde) , an Apostle of the _Church of
Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)) , to
Jerusalem to dedicate the land for the
return of the Jews._[75]_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-75)
Some _Arab Christians_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Christians)
publicly supporting Israel include US author _Nonie Darwish_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonie_Darwish) , and former Muslim _Magdi Allam_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdi_Allam) , author of Viva Israele,_[76]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-76) both born in Egypt.
_Brigitte
Gabriel_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel) , a Lebanese-born
Christian US journalist and founder of the _American Congress for Truth_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Congress_for_Truth) , urges Americans to
"fearlessly speak out in defense of America, Israel and Western
civilization"._[77]_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-77)
Muslims supporting Zionism
Main article: _Muslim Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Zionism)
In 1873, _Shah of Persia_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty)
_Naser al-Din Shah Qajar_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar) met with British Jewish
leaders, including Sir _Moses Montefiore_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Montefiore) , during his journey to
Europe. A
t that time, the Persian king suggested that the Jews buy land and
establish a state for the Jewish people._[78]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-78)
Muslims who publicly defended Zionism include Dr. _Tawfik Hamid_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawfik_Hamid) , former member of a terror
organization
and current Islamic thinker and reformer,_[79]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-79) Sheikh Prof. _Abdul Hadi
Palazzi_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hadi_Palazzi) , Director of the Cultural
Institute of
the Italian Islamic Community,_[80]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-80) and _Tashbih Sayyed_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashbih_Sayyed) , a Pakistani-American scholar,
journalist, and author._[81]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-81)
On occasion, some non-Arab Muslims such as some _Kurds_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds) and _Berbers_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_people) have also voiced support for
Zionism._[82]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-82) _[83]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-Why_not_a_Kurdish-Israeli_alliance.3F-83)
_[84]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-84)
During the Palestine Mandate era, _As'ad Shukeiri_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As'ad_Shukeiri) , a Muslim scholar ('alim) of
the Acre area, and the
father of _PLO_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLO) founder _Ahmad
Shukeiri_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shukeiri) , rejected the values
of the
Palestinian Arab national movement and was opposed to the _anti-Zionist_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Zionist) movement._[85]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-85) He met routinely with
_Zionist_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionist) officials and had a part in every
pro-Zionist Arab organization from the beginning of the _British Mandate_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Mandate_for_Palestine) , publicly
rejecting
_Mohammad Amin al-Husayni_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Amin_al-Husayni) 's use of Islam to
attack Zionism._[86]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-shadows1-86)
Some Indian Muslims have also expressed opposition to _Islamic
anti-Zionism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Muslim) . In August
2007, a
delegation of the All India Organization of _Imams_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam_(Sunni_Islam)) and mosques led by _Maulana
Jamil Ilyas_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maulana_Jamil_Ilyas&action=edit&redlink=1
) visited Israel. The meet led to a joint statement expressing "peace and
goodwill from Indian Muslims", developing dialogue between Indian Muslims
and Israeli Jews, and rejecting the perception that the _Israeli-Palestinian
conflict_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli-Palestinian_conflict) is
of a religious nature._[87]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-87) The visit was organized
by the _American Jewish Committee_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Jewish_Committee) . The purpose of the
visit
was to create meaningful debate about the status of Israel in the Muslim
eyes worldwide, and strengthen the relationship between India and Israel. It
is suggested that the visit could "open Muslim minds across the world to
understand the democratic nature of the state of Israel, especially in the
Middle East"._[88]_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-88)
Hindu support for Zionism
Main article: _India–Israel relations_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India–
Israel_relations)
After Israel's creation in 1948, the _Indian National Congress_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress) government opposed
Zionism.
Some writers have claimed that this was in order to get more Muslim votes in
India (where Muslims numbered over 30 million at the time)._[89]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-kap-89) However, conservative
Hindu nationalists, led by the _Sangh Parivar_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangh_Parivar) , openly supported Zionism, as
did Hindu Nationalist
intellectuals like _Vinayak Damodar Savarkar_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar) and _Sita Ram Goel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sita_Ram_Goel) ._[90]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-Hindu_pro-Zionism-90) Zionism
as a national liberation movement to repatriate the
Jewish people to their ancestral homeland appealed to many _Hindu
Nationalists_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Nationalist) , who viewed their
struggle for _independence from British rule_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Independence_Movement) and the _Partition
of India_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India) as national liberation for
_long-oppressed_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus) Hindus.
An international opinion survey has shown that India is the most pro-Israel
country in the world._[91]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-91) In more current times,
conservative Indian parties and organizations
tend to support Zionism._[90]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-Hindu_pro-Zionism-90) _[92]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-92) This has invited attacks
on the _Hindutva_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutva) movement by parts of the Indian left
opposed to
Zionism, and allegations that Hindus are conspiring with the "_Jewish Lobby_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Lobby) ."_[93]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-93)
Marcus Garvey and Black Zionism
See also: _Alliance of Black Jews_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_Black_Jews) and _Jews and Judaism
in the African diaspora_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_African_diaspora)
Zionist success in winning British support for formation of a Jewish
National Home in Palestine helped to inspire the Jamaican nationalist _Marcus
Garvey_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Garvey) to form a movement
dedicated to returning Americans of African origin to Africa. During a speech
in
_Harlem_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem) in 1920, Garvey stated:
"other races were engaged in seeing their cause through—the Jews through their
Zionist movement and the Irish through their Irish movement—and I decided
that, cost what it might, I would make this a favorable time to see the
Negro's interest through."_[94]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-94) Garvey established a
shipping company, the _Black Star Line_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Star_Line) , to allow Black Americans to
emigrate to Africa, but for various reasons failed in his endeavour.
Garvey helped inspire the _Rastafari movement_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastafari_movement) in Jamaica, the _Black
Jews_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Jews) _[95]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-95) and the _African Hebrew
Israelites of Jerusalem_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Hebrew_Israelites_of_Jerusalem) who
initially moved to
Liberia before settling in Israel.
Opposition to Zionism
Main articles: _Anti-Zionism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Zionism)
and _Timeline of Anti-Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Anti-Zionism)
See also: _Non-Zionism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Zionism) ,
_Post-Zionism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Zionism) , _Neo-Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Zionism) , _New Antisemitism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Antisemitism) and _Criticism of Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Israel)
Zionism is opposed by a wide variety of organizations and individuals.
Among those opposing Zionism are some secular Jews,_[96]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-96) some branches of Judaism
(_Satmar_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satmar_(Hasidic_dynasty)) Hasidim and _Neturei
Karta_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neturei_Karta) ), the former Soviet
Union,_[97]_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-97) some
African-Americans,_[98]_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-98)
many in
the Muslim world, and Palestinians. Reasons for opposing Zionism are
varied, and include the perceptions of unfair land confiscation, expulsions of
Palestinians, violence against Palestinians, and alleged racism. Arab states
in particular strongly oppose Zionism, which they believe is responsible for
the _1948 Palestinian exodus_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Palestinian_exodus) . The preamble of the
_African Charter on Human and Peoples'
Rights_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples'_Rights) ,
which has been ratified by 53 African countries as of 2014, includes
an undertaking to eliminate Zionism together with other practices
including _colonialism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism) ,
_neo-colonialism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-colonialism) , _apartheid_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid) , "aggressive foreign military bases"
and all
forms of _discrimination_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination)
._[99]_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-99) _[100]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-100)
Zionism had also been opposed by some Jews for other reasons even before
the establishment of the state of Israel because "Zionism constitutes a
danger, spiritual and physical, to the existence of our people.'."._[101]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-101) The book also states
"The
booklet which we are publishing here, 'Serufay. Ha Kivshbnim Maashimim'
('The Holocaust Victims Accuse'), serves as an attempt to show, by means of
testimonies., documents and reports, how Zionism and its high-level
organizations brought a catastrophe upon our people during the era of the Nazi
holocaust."
Catholic Church and Zionism
The initial response of the Catholic Church seemed to be one of strong
opposition to Zionism. Shortly after the 1897 Basel Conference, the
semi-official Vatican periodical (edited by the Jesuits) _Civilta Cattolica_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilta_Cattolica) gave its
biblical-theological
judgement on political Zionism: "1827 years have passed since the prediction
of
Jesus of Nazareth was fulfilled ... that [after the destruction of
Jerusalem] the Jews would be led away to be slaves among all the nations and
that
they would remain in the dispersion [diaspora, galut] until the end of the
world." The Jews should not be permitted to return to Palestine with
sovereignty: "According to the Sacred Scriptures, the Jewish people must always
live dispersed and vagabondo [vagrant, wandering] among the other nations, so
that they may render witness to Christ not only by the Scriptures ... but
by their very existence".
Nonetheless, Theodore Herzl travelled to Rome in late January 1904, after
the sixth Zionist Congress (August 1903) and six months before his death,
looking for some kind of support. In January 22, Herzl first met the
Secretary of State, Cardinal _Rafael Merry del Val_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Merry_del_Val) . According to Herzl's
private diary notes, the
Cardinal agreed on the history of Israel being the same as the one of the
Catholic Church, but asked beforehand for a conversion of Jews to Catholicism.
Three days later, Herzl met Pope _Pius X_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_X) , who replied to his request of support
for a Jewish return to Israel in
the same terms, saying that "we are unable to favor this movement. We
cannot prevent the Jews going to Jerusalem, but we could never sanction it ...
The Jews have not recognized our Lord, therefore we cannot recognize the
Jewish people." In 1922, the same periodical published a piece by its Viennese
correspondent, "anti-Semitism is nothing but the absolutely necessary and
natural reaction to the Jews' arrogance...Catholic anti-Semitism - while
never going beyond the moral law - adopts all necessary means to emancipate
the Christian people from the abuse they suffer from their sworn
enemy"._[102]_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-Kertzer-102)
This
initial attitude changed over the next 50 years, until 1997, when at the
_Vatican_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See) symposium of that year,
Pope
_John Paul II_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_II) rejected the
Christian roots of anti-Semitism, expressing that "... the wrong and unjust
interpretations of the New Testament relating to the Jewish people and their
supposed guilt [in Christ's death] circulated for too long, engendering
sentiments of hostility toward this people."_[103]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-103)
Characterization as colonialism or ethnic cleansing
Zionism has been characterized as _colonialism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism) , and Zionism has been _criticized_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Zionism) for promoting unfair confiscation
of land, involving
the expulsion of, and causing violence towards, the Palestinians. The
characterization of Zionism as colonialism has been described by, among
others,
_Nur Masalha_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_Masalha) , Gershon Shafir,
_Michael Prior_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Prior_(theologian)) ,
_Ilan Pappe_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilan_Pappe) , and _Baruch
Kimmerling_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Kimmerling) ._[8]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-CHARCOL-8)
Others, such as _Shlomo Avineri_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Avineri) and _Mitchell Bard_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Bard) ,
view Zionism not as colonialist movement, but as a national movement that is
contending with the Palestinian one._[104]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-104) _David Hoffman_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hoffman) rejected the claim that Zionism
is a 'settler-colonial undertaking'
and instead characterized Zionism as a national program of _affirmative
action_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_action) , adding that there
is unbroken Jewish presence in Israel back to antiquity._[105]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-105)
_Noam Chomsky_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky) , John P.
Quigly, _Nur Masalha_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_Masalha) , and _Cheryl
Rubenberg_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheryl_Rubenberg) have criticized
Zionism, saying it unfairly confiscates land and expels Palestinians._[106]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-106)
_Edward Said_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said) and _Michael
Prior_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Prior_(theologian)) claim that
the notion of expelling the Palestinians was an early component of Zionism,
citing Herzl's diary from 1895 which states "we shall endeavour to expel
the poor population across the border unnoticed — the process of
expropriation and the removal of the poor must be carried out discreetly and
circumspectly."_[107]_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-107)
This
quotation has been critiqued by _Efraim Karsh_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efraim_Karsh) for misrepresenting Herzl's
purpose._[108]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-108) He describes it as "a
feature of
Palestinian propaganda", writing that Herzl was referring to the voluntary
resettlement of squatters living on land purchased by Jews, and that the full
diary entry stated, "It goes without saying that we shall respectfully
tolerate persons of other faiths and protect their property, their honor, and
their freedom with the harshest means of coercion. This is another area in
which we shall set the entire world a wonderful example … Should there be many
such immovable owners in individual areas [who would not sell their
property to us], we shall simply leave them there and develop our commerce in
the
direction of other areas which belong to us."_[109]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-109) _[110]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-110) _Derek Penslar_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Penslar) says that Herzl may have been
considering either South America or
Palestine when he wrote the diary entry about expropriation._[111]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-111) According to Walter
Laquer,
although many Zionists proposed transfer, it was never official Zionist policy
and in 1918 Ben-Gurion "emphatically rejected" it._[112]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-112)
_Ilan Pappe_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilan_Pappe) argued that
Zionism results in _ethnic cleansing_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing) ._[113]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-113) This
view diverges from other _New Historians_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Historians) , such as _Benny Morris_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Morris) , who accept the _Palestinian
exodus_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Palestinian_exodus) narrative but place it
in the context of war, not
ethnic cleansing._[114]_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-114)
_Saleh Abdel Jawad_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saleh_Abdel_Jawad) , _Nur
Masalha_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_Masalha) , _Michael Prior_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Prior_(theologian)) , _Ian Lustick_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Lustick) , and _John Rose_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rose_(UK_politician)) have criticized
Zionism for having
been responsible for violence against Palestinians, such as the _Deir Yassin
massacre_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacre) , _Sabra and
Shatila massacre_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre)
, and _Cave of the Patriarchs massacre_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs_massacre) ._[115]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-115)
In 1938, _Mahatma Gandhi_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi)
rejected Zionism, saying that the establishment of a Jewish national home in
Palestine is a religious act and therefore must not be performed by force.
He wrote, "Palestine belongs to the Arabs in the same sense that England
belongs to the English or France to the French. It is wrong and inhuman to
impose the Jews on the Arabs ... Surely it would be a crime against humanity
to reduce the proud Arabs so that Palestine can be restored to the Jews
partly or wholly as their national home ... They can settle in Palestine only
by the goodwill of the Arabs. They should seek to convert the Arab
heart."_[116]_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-116)
Characterization as racist
See also: _Racism in Israel § Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_Israel#Zionism) , _Israel,
Palestinians, and the United Nations_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel,_Palestinians,_and_the_United_Nations)
and
_Israel and the apartheid analogy_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_and_the_apartheid_analogy)
David Ben-Gurion stated that "There will be no discrimination among
citizens of the Jewish state on the basis of race, religion, sex, or
class."_[117]_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-117) Likewise,
Vladimir
Jabotinsky avowed "the minority will not be rendered defenseless...[the]
aim of democracy is to guarantee that the minority too has influence on
matters of state policy."_[118]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-118)
However, critics of Zionism consider it a _colonialist_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism) _[8]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-CHARCOL-8) or _racist_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism) _[9]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-CHARRAS-9) movement.
According
to historian _Avi Shlaim_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi_Shlaim) ,
throughout its history up to present day, Zionism "is replete with
manifestations
of deep hostility and contempt towards the indigenous population." Shlaim
balances this by pointing out that there have always been individuals
within the Zionist movement that have criticized such attitudes. He cites the
example of _Ahad Ha'am_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahad_Ha'am) , who after
visiting Palestine in 1891, published a series of articles criticizing the
aggressive behaviour and political ethnocentrism of Zionist settlers.
Ha'am wrote that the Zionists "behave towards the Arabs with hostility and
cruelty, trespass unjustly upon their boundaries, beat them shamefully without
reason and even brag about it, and nobody stands to check this contemptible
and dangerous tendency" and that they believed that "the only language
that the Arabs understand is that of force."_[119]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-LRB-119) Some criticisms of
Zionism claim that
Judaism's notion of the "_chosen people_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews_as_a_chosen_people) " is the source of
racism in Zionism,_[120]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-120) despite, according to
_Gustavo
Perednik_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Perednik) , that being a
religious concept unrelated to Zionism._[121]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-121)
In December 1973, the UN passed a series of resolutions condemning South
Africa and included a reference to an "unholy alliance between _Portuguese
colonialism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War) ,
_Apartheid_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid) and Zionism."_[122]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-122) At the time there was
little
cooperation between _Israel and South Africa_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_–_South_Africa_relations) ,_[123]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-123) although the two
countries would develop a close
relationship during the 1970s._[124]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-124) Parallels have also been
drawn between aspects of South
Africa's apartheid regime and certain Israeli policies toward the
Palestinians,
which are seen as manifestations of racism in Zionist thinking._[125]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-125) _[126]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-126) _[127]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-127)
In 1975 the _UN General Assembly_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_General_Assembly) passed _Resolution 3379_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution_3379) , which said "Zionism is a form
of racism and racial
discrimination". According to the resolution, "any doctrine of racial
differentiation of
superiority is scientifically false, morally condemnable, socially unjust,
and dangerous." The resolution named the occupied territory of Palestine,
Zimbabwe, and South Africa as examples of racist regimes. Resolution 3379
was pioneered by the Soviet Union and passed with numerical support from Arab
and African states amidst accusations that Israel was supportive of the
apartheid regime in South Africa._[128]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-128) The resolution was
robustly criticised by the US
representative, _Daniel Patrick Moynihan_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan) as an 'obscenity' and a
'harm ...done to the United
Nations'._[129]_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-moyn-129)
'In 1991
the resolution was repealed with _UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_General_Assembly_Resolution_46/86) ,_[130]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-mfa.gov.il-130) after
Israel declared that it would only participate in the _Madrid Conference of
1991_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Conference_of_1991) if the
resolution were revoked._[131]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-131)
“ “The United States ...does not acknowledge, it will not abide by, it
will never acquiesce in this infamous act… The lie is that Zionism is a
form of racism. The overwhelmingly clear truth is that it is not.” _Daniel
Patrick Moynihan_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan) ,
speaking in the UN General Assembly after Resolution 3379 was passed,
1975._[129]_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-moyn-129) ”
Arab countries sought to associate Zionism with racism in connection with a
_2001 UN conference on racism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Conference_against_Racism_2001) , which
took place in _Durban_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durban) , South Africa,_[132]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-132) which caused the United
States and Israel to walk away
from the conference as a response. The final text of the conference did not
connect Zionism with racism. A human rights forum arranged in connection
with the conference, on the other hand, did equate Zionism with racism and
censured Israel for what it called "racist crimes, including acts of
genocide and ethnic cleansing"._[133]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-133)
Some supporters of Zionism, such as _Chaim Herzog_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaim_Herzog) , argue that the movement is
non-discriminatory and
contains no racist aspects._[134]_ (http://en.wik
ipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-134)
Anti-Semitism
Main articles: _Anti-Zionism § Anti-Zionism and antisemitism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Anti-Zionism_and_antisemitism) and
_New
Antisemitism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Antisemitism)
Some critics of anti-Zionism have argued that opposition to Zionism can be
hard to distinguish from _antisemitism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism) ,_[135]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-135)
_[136]_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-136) _[137]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-137) _[138]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-Stauber-138) _[139]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-139) and that criticism of
Israel may be used as an excuse
to express viewpoints that might otherwise be considered antisemitic._[140]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-140) _[141]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-141) Other scholars consider
certain
forms of opposition to Zionism to constitute antisemitism._[138]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-Stauber-138) A number of
scholars have
argued that opposition to Zionism and/or the State of Israel's policies at
the more extreme fringes often overlaps with antisemitism._[138]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-Stauber-138)
Some anti-semites have alleged that Zionism was, or is, part of a Jewish
plot to take control of the world._[142]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-142) One particular version
of these allegations, "_The
Protocols of the Elders of Zion_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion) " (subtitle
"Protocols extracted from the secret
archives of the central chancery of Zion") achieved global notability. The
protocols are fictional minutes of an imaginary meeting by Jewish leaders of
this
plot. Analysis and proof of their fraudulent origin goes as far back as
1921._[143]_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-143) A 1920
German version renamed them "_The Zionist Protocols_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Zionist_Protocols) "._[144]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-144) The protocols were
_extensively used as propaganda_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion#toc) by the
_Nazis_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazis) and remain widely _distributed
in the Arab world_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion#Modern_era) .
They are referred to in the 1988 _Hamas charter_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas#Hamas_Charter_.281988.29) ._[145]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-145)
There are examples of anti-Zionists using accusations, slanders, imagery
and tactics previously associated with anti-semites. On October 21, 1973,
then-Soviet ambassador to the United Nations _Yakov Malik_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakov_Malik) declared: "The Zionists have come
forth with the
theory of the _Chosen People_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chosen_People) ,
an absurd ideology." Similarly, an exhibit about Zionism and Israel in the
Museum of Religion and Atheism in _Saint Petersburg_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg) designates the following as
Soviet Zionist
material: Jewish _prayer shawls_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallit) ,
_tefillin_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tefillin) and _Passover_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passover) _Hagaddahs_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagaddah) ,_[146]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-146) even
though these are all religious items used by Jews for thousands of
years._[147]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-Why.3F-147)
_Noam Chomsky_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky) , _Norman
Finkelstein_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Finkelstein) , _Michael
Marder_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Marder) , and _Tariq Ali_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariq_Ali) have suggested that the
characterization of
_anti-Zionism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Zionism) as
_anti-Semitic_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Semitic) is inaccurate,
sometimes
obscures legitimate _criticism of Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Israel) 's policies and actions, and
is sometimes a political ploy
to stifle _criticism of Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Israel) ._[148]_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_note-148)
See also
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_history.svg) _History portal_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:History)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Israel.svg) _Israel portal_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Israel)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg)
_Judaism portal_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Judaism)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Palestine.svg) _Palestine portal_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Palestine)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg) _Politics
portal_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics)
Types of Zionism
* _Cultural Zionism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Zionism)
* _Green Zionism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Zionism)
* _Reform Zionism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Zionism)
* _Streams of Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streams_of_Zionism) (Political, Practical &
Synthetic Zionism)
Zionist institutions and organizations
* _Histadrut_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histadrut)
* The _Jewish Agency for Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel)
* _World Zionist Organization_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization)
* _Jewish National Fund_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund)
* _Vaad Leumi_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaad_Leumi)
* _Hanoar Hatzioni_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoar_Hatzioni)
* _Women's International Zionist Organization_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_International_Zionist_Organization)
History of Zionism and Israel
* _Return to Zion_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_to_Zion)
* _Yehud Medinata_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehud_Medinata)
* _Jewish diaspora_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora)
* _Jewish people_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_people)
* _The Holocaust_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust)
* _Gathering of Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel)
* _Aliyah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah)
* _History of Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Zionism)
* _History of Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Israel)
* _Israeli-Arab conflict_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli-Arab_conflict)
* _Israeli–Palestinian conflict_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli–Palestinian_conflict)
* _Israeli settlement_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_settlement)
* _List of Zionist figures_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Zionist_figures)
* _Timeline of Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Zionism)
Miscellanea
* _American Council for Judaism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Council_for_Judaism)
* _Christian Zionism in the United Kingdom_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Zionism_in_the_United_Kingdom)
* _Jewish Autonomism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism)
* _Jewish emancipation_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_emancipation)
* _Restoration of the Jews to the Holy Land_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_of_the_Jews_to_the_Holy_Land)
* _Berne Trial_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berne_Trial)
Footnotes
1. ^ _Jump up to: a_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotyl2001604._1-0) _b_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotyl2001604._1-1)
_Motyl 2001_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#CITEREFMotyl2001) , pp. 604..
2. _Jump up ^_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-RCohen_2-0) Cohen, Robin
(1995). _The Cambridge Survey of World Migration_
(http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YbzsBPuhyggC&lpg=PA405&dq=Zionism%20Colonize%20pa
lestine&pg=PA405#v=onepage&q&f=false) . Cambridge University Press. p.
504.
3. _Jump up ^_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-JGelvin_3-0) Gelvin, James
(2007). _The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred
Years of War_
(http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5FwAT5fx03IC&lpg=PA52&dq=the%20Basel%20program%20colonisation%20of%20Palestine&pg=PA52#v=onepage&q&f=false
) (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 51. _ISBN_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number) _0521888352_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521888352) .
4. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-4) Ilan
Pappe, The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, 2006, p.10-11
5. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-5)
Israel Affairs - Volume 13, Issue 4, 2007 - Special Issue: Postcolonial Theory
and the Arab-Israel Conflict - De-Judaizing the Homeland: Academic Politics
in Rewriting the History of Palestine - S. Ilan Troen
6. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-6)
Aaronson, Ran (1996). _"Settlement in Eretz Israel – A Colonialist Enterprise?
"Critical" Scholarship and Historical Geography"_
(https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:8aPWE9P5iBoJ:130.102.44.246/journals/israel_studies/v001/1.
2aaronsohn.pdf+&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiwmLNEhH3wwj1Tc0SKIwNXDI7Vn61MevIJk
vxNF7UjJdGkVHTlf7yJcPdkujhi-GXEoUsSGjB8Y-cNtoc3AbqZP6uxc2NHFe9R1__kxvACSBMsG
tcH4nYZmB5e8gSAdgbH_QT6&sig=AHIEtbSHallbycXdF9sWjGjOU4lvf4a6Og) . Israel
Studies (Indiana University Press) 1 (2): 214–229. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
7. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-7)
Zionism and British imperialism II: Imperial financing in Palestine -Journal
of
Israeli History: Politics, Society, Culture Volume 30, Issue 2, 2011 -
pages 115-139 - Michael J. Cohen
8. ^ _Jump up to: a_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-CHARCOL_8-0) _b_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-CHARCOL_8-1)
_c_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-CHARCOL_8-2)
* Shafir, Gershon, Being Israeli: the dynamics of multiple
citizenship, Cambridge University Press, 2002, pp 37–38
* Bareli, Avi, "Forgetting Europe: Perspectives on the Debate about
Zionism and Colonialism", in Israeli historical revisionism: from left to
right, Psychology Press, 2003, pp 99–116
* _Pappé Ilan_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilan_Pappe) , A history
of modern Palestine: one land, two peoples, Cambridge University Press,
2006, pp 72–121
* Prior, Michael, The Bible and colonialism: a moral critique,
Continuum International Publishing Group, 1997, pp 106–215
* Shafir, Gershon, "Zionism and Colonialism", in The Israel /
Palestinian Question, by Ilan Pappe, Psychology Press, 1999, pp 72–85
* Lustick, Ian, For the Land and the Lord …
* Zuriek, Elia, The Palestinians in Israel: A Study in Internal
Colonialism, Routledge & K. Paul, 1979
* Penslar, Derek J., "Zionism, Colonialism and Postcolonialism", in
Israeli historical revisionism: from left to right, Psychology Press, 2003,
pp 85–98
* _Pappe, Ilan_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilan_Pappé) , The
ethnic cleansing of Palestine, Oneworld, 2007
* Masalha, Nur (2007), The Bible and Zionism: invented traditions,
archaeology and post-colonialism in Palestine-Israel 1, Zed Books, p. 16
* Thomas, Baylis (2011), The Dark Side of Zionism: Israel's Quest
for Security Through Dominance, Lexington Books, p. 4
* Prior, Michael (1999), Zionism and the state of Israel: a moral
inquiry, Psychology Press, p. 240
9. ^ _Jump up to: a_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-CHARRAS_9-0) _b_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-CHARRAS_9-1)
* Zionism, imperialism, and race, Abdul Wahhab Kayyali, ʻAbd al-Wahhā
b Kayyālī (Eds), Croom Helm, 1979
* Gerson, Allan, "The United Nations and Racism: the Case of Zionism
and Racism", in Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 1987, Volume 17; Volume
1987, Yoram Dinstein, Mala Tabory (Eds), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1988, p
68
* Hadawi, Sami, Bitter harvest: a modern history of Palestine,
Interlink Books, 1991, p 183
* Beker, Avi, Chosen: the history of an idea, the anatomy of an
obsession, Macmillan, 2008, p 131, 139, 151
* Dinstein, Yoram, Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 1987, Volume 17;
Volume 1987, p 31, 136ge
* Harkabi, Yehoshafat, Arab attitudes to Israel, pp 247–8
10. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-10) Nur
Masalha (2007-09-15). _The Bible and Zionism: Invented Traditions,
Archaeology and Post-Colonialism in Palestine- Israel_
(http://books.google.com/books?id=LAUeWo8NDK4C&pg=PA314) . Zed Books. p. 314.
_ISBN_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number)
_978-1-84277-761-9_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-761-9) .
11. _Jump up ^_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-CurthoysGanguly2007_11-0) Ned
Curthoys; Debjani Ganguly (2007). _Edward Said: The
Legacy of a Public Intellectual_
(http://books.google.com/books?id=crIxjc564_AC&pg=PA315) . Academic
Monographs. p. 315. _ISBN_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number)
_978-0-522-85357-5_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85357-5) .
Retrieved 12 May
2013.
12. _Jump up ^_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-K.C4.ABf.C5.ABrkiy.C4.81n2009_12-0)
Nādira Shalhūb Kīfūrkiyān (7 May 2009).
_Militarization and Violence Against Women in Conflict Zones in the Middle East
: A Palestinian Case-Study_
(http://books.google.com/books?id=_ka2AmZw3YIC&pg=PA9) . Cambridge University
Press. p. 9. _ISBN_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number)
_978-0-521-88222-4_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88222-4) .
Retrieved 12 May
2013.
13. _Jump up ^_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-SchamSalem2005_13-0) Paul
Scham; Walid Salem; Benjamin Pogrund (15 October 2005).
_SHARED HISTORIES: A PALESTINIAN-ISRAELI DIALOGUE_
(http://books.google.com/books?id=c-cviX0c63YC&pg=PA87) . Left Coast Press.
pp. 87–. _ISBN_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number)
_978-1-59874-013-4_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59874-013-4) .
Retrieved 12 May 2013.
14. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-14)
Gideon Shimoni, The Zionist Ideology (1995)
15. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-15)
_Aviel Roshwald_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviel_Roshwald) , "Jewish
Identity and the Paradox of Nationalism", in Michael Berkowitz, (ed.).
Nationalism, Zionism and Ethnic Mobilization of the Jews in 1900 and Beyond,
p. 15.
16. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-16)
Wylen, Stephen M. Settings of Silver: An Introduction to Judaism, Second
Edition, Paulist Press, 2000, p. 392.
17. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-17)
Walter Laqueur, The History of Zionism (2003) p 40
18. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-18)
A.R. Taylor, 'Vision and intent in Zionist Thought', in 'The transformation of
Palestine', ed. by I. Abu-Lughod, 1971, _ISBN 0-8101-0345-1_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810103451) , p. 10
19. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-19)
Tesler, Mark. Jewish History and the Emergence of Modern Political Zionism.
Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Printing Press, 1994.
20. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-20)
Stefan Goranov, "Racism: A Basic Principle of Zionism" in Zionism and Racism.
Proceedings of an International Symposium. The International Organization
for the elimination of all forms of racial discrimination. New Brunswick.
North American, 1979. 262p.
21. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-21) De
Lange, Nicholas, An Introduction to Judaism, Cambridge University Press
(2000), p. 30. _ISBN 0-521-46624-5_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521466245) .
22. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-22)
Source: A survey of Palestine, prepared in 1946 for the _Anglo-American
Committee of Inquiry_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-American_Committee_of_Inquiry) , Volume II
page 907 HMSO 1946.
23. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-23)
_Hagshama.org_
(http://www.hagshama.org.il/en/resources/view.asp?id=497&subject=43)
24. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-24)
_Uri Ram_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uri_Ram&action=edit&redlink=1) , The
Future of the Past in Israel — A Sociology of Knowledge
Approach, in _Benny Morris_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Morris) ,
Making
Israel, p.224.
25. _Jump up ^_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-Chan58_25-0) _Steve Chan_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve_Chan&action=edit&redlink=1) ,
_Anita Shapira_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Shapira) , _Derek Jonathan_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derek_Jonathan&action=edit&redlink=1)
, Israeli Historical Revisionism: from left
to right, Routledge, 2002, p.58.
26. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-26)
_Can Israel Survive Post-Zionism?_ (http://www.meforum.org/article/469) by
Meyrav Wurmser. Middle East Quarterly, March 1999
27. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-27)
_"We oppose the Zionists and their 'state'_
(http://globalfire.tv/nj/03en/jews/ttjews.htm) vigorously and we continue our
prayers for the dismantlement
of the Zionist 'state' and peace to the world." Rabbi E Weissfish, NETUREI
KARTA, Representatives of Orthodox Jewry, US, London, Palestine and
worldwide.
28. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-28)
_"THE GREAT GULF BETWEEN ZIONISM AND JUDAISM"_
(http://www.nkusa.org/AboutUs/Zionism/greatgulf.cfm) Paper delivered by G. J.
Neuberger a member of
Neturei Karta at the Tripoli Conference on Zionism and Racism.
29. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-29)
_"What is Zionism?"_ (http://www.jewsagainstzionism.com/zionism/whatis.cfm)
Jews against Zionism.
30. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-30)
_"Zionism promotes_
(http://www.jewsagainstzionism.com/antisemitism/zionismpromotes.cfm)
_antisemitism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism) ."
Jews against Zionism.
31. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-31)
Tessler, Mark. A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Indiana
University Press, 1994. 47. Print.
32. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-32) E.
Schweid, 'Rejection of the Diaspora in Zionist Thought', in Essential
Papers on Zionism, ed. By Reinharz & Shapira, 1996, _ISBN 0-8147-7449-0_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0814774490) , p.133
33. _Jump up ^_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-Harris_33-0) Harris, J. (1998)
_The Israeli Declaration of Independence_
(http://etext.virginia.edu/journals/tr/archive/volume7/harris.html) The
Journal of
the Society for Textual Reasoning, Vol. 7
34. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-34) For
an example of this view see The New Anti-Zionism and the Old Antisemitism:
Transformations By: Raphael Jospe at _Hashama.org_
(http://www.hagshama.org.il/en/resources/view.asp?id=2095) accessed November
16, 2008
35. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-35)
unispal (September 3, 1947). _"UNSCOP Report to the General Assembly, Volume
1, CHAPTER II, Par. A.,12 (doc.nr. A/364)"_
(http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/07175de9fa2de563852568d3006e10f3) . United
Nations Special Committee on
Palestine. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
36. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-36)
Joshep Nasi, Jewish Virtual Library,
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/JosephNasi.html
37. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-37)
Cohen, 1948
38. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-38)
Jewish Encyclopedia, Shabbethai Zebi,
http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=531&letter=S
39. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-39)
_Lds.org_
(http://www.lds.org/churchhistory/0,15478,3900-1,00.html#FlashPluginDetected)
40. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-40)
C.D. Smith, 2001, Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 4th ed., _ISBN
0-312-20828-6_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312208286) ,
p. 1–12, 33–38
41. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-41)
Jewish Encyclopedia, Zionism,
http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=132&letter=Z
42. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-42)
http://www.jewishmag.com/93mag/usa-warder/usa-warder.htm
43. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-43)
Jewish Virtual Library, Warder Cresson,
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Cresson.html
44. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-44)
http://www.jewish-american-society-for-historic-preservation.org/images/Mordecai
_Manuel_Noah_-Final.pdf
45. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-45)
http://www.jewish-american-society-for
-historic-preservation.org/completedprgms2/buffalonewyork.html
46. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-46)
_Zionism & The British In Palestine_
(http://fusion.dalmatech.com/~admin24/files/zionism_in-britishpalestine.pdf) ,
by _Sethi, Arjun_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjun_Charan_Sethi) (University of Maryland)
January 2007,
accessed May 20, 2007.
47. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-47)
_Yapp, M.E._ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Yapp) (1987-09-01). The
Making of the Modern Near East 1792-1923. Harlow, England: Longman. p. 290.
_ISBN_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number)
_978-0-582-49380-3_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-49380-3) .
48. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-48)
_League of Nations Palestine Mandate, July 24, 1922_
(http://www.stateofisrael.com/mandate)
49. _Jump up ^_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-BBC_49-0) _"Arab discontent"_
(http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/v3_ip_timeline/html/1929_36.stm)
. BBC. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
50. _Jump up ^_
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51. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-51)
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52. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-52)
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53. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-53)
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55. _Jump up ^_
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56. _Jump up ^_
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57. _Jump up ^_
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"the important point is a growing consensus among Israeli and Palestinian
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common ground is a consensus between the 'new historians' in Israel and many
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of the problem."
59. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-59)
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60. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-60) cf.
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_Hacohen 1991_
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meetings with foreign officials at
the end of 1944 and during 1945, Ben-Gurion cited the plan to enable one
million refugees to enter Palestine immediately as the primary goal and top
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62. _Jump up ^_
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_Hakohen 2003_
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independence, the government presented
the Knesset with a plan to double the Jewish population within four years.
This meant bringing in 600,000 immigrants in a four-year period. or 150,000
per year. Absorbing 150,000 newcomers annually under the trying conditions
facing the new state was a heavy burden indeed. Opponents in the Jewish
Agency and the government of mass immigration argued that there was no
justification for organizing large-scale emigration among Jews whose lives
were not
in danger, particularly when the desire and motivation were not their
own."
63. _Jump up ^_
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_Hakohen 2003_
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the immigrants' dependence and
the circumstances of their arrival shaped the attitude of the host society.
The great wave of immigration in 1948 did not occur spontaneously: it was
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activists, Jewish Agency executives, and government officials opposed
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undue
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64. _Jump up ^_
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_Hakohen 2003_
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of the government, entrusted with
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power over the country's social development. His prestige soared to new
heights after the founding of the state and the impressive victory of the IDF
in the War of Independence. As prime minister and minister of defense in
Israel's first administration, as well as the uncontested leader of the
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65. _Jump up ^_
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_Hakohen 2003_
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occasions, resolutions were passed
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these limits were never put into practice, mainly due to the opposition of
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veto. His insistence on the right of every Jew to immigrate proved victorious.
He would not allow himself to be swayed by financial or other
considerations. It was he who orchestrated the large-scale action that enabled
the Jews
to leave Eastern Europe and Islamic countries, and it was he who
effectively forged Israel's foreign policy. Through a series of clandestine
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66. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-66)
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67. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-67)
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72. _Jump up ^_
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73. _Jump up ^_
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74. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-74)
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83. _Jump up ^_
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86. _Jump up ^_
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98. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-98)
* West, Cornell, Race Matters, 1993. pp 73–74
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[http://www.achpr.org/instruments/achpr/ African Charter on Human and Peoples'
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* Salaita, Steven George (2006). The Holy Land in transit:
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* _Hirst, David_
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* _"FrontPage magazine interview with Christopher Hitchens"_
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* _"Essay by James M. Martin from "Atheist Nexus""_
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* Quigley, John B. (1990). Palestine and Israel: a challenge to
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* Chomsky, Noam (1999). Fateful triangle: the United States, Israel,
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(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89608-601-1) .
* Saleh Abdel Jawad (2007) "Zionist Massacres: the Creation of the
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* Yishai, Yael (1987). Land or peace: whither Israel?. Hoover Press.
pp. 112–125. _ISBN_
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_0-8179-8521-2_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8179-8521-2) .
* _Rubenberg, Cheryl_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheryl_Rubenberg)
(2003). The Palestinians: in search of a just peace. Lynne Rienner
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_1-58826-225-1_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58826-225-1) .
* Geaves, Ron (2004). Islam and the West post 9/11. Ashgate
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* Kassim, Anis F. (2000). The Palestine Yearbook of International
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* Raphael Israeli, Palestinians Between Israel and Jordan', Prager,
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* _Said, Edward_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_W._Said) , The
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* Prior, Michael P. Zionism and the state of Israel: a moral
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_"Benny Morris's Reign of Error, Revisited The Post-Zionist Critique"_
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110. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-110)
Alexander, Edward; Bogdanor, Paul (2006). The Jewish Divide Over Israel.
Transaction. pp. 251–2.
111. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-111)
*_Penslar, Derek_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Penslar) , Israel
in history: the Jewish state in comparative perspective, Taylor & Francis,
2007, p 56.
112. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-112)
Laquer, Walter (1972). A History of Zionism. Random House. pp. 231–232.
113. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-113)
* _Pappe, Ilan_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilan_Pappé) , The
ethnic cleansing of Palestine, Oneworld, 2007
114. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-114)
Rane, Halim. Islam and Contemporary Civilisation. Academic Monographs,
2010. _ISBN 978-0-522-85728-3_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780522857283) . p. 198
115. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-115)
* Khallidi, Walid, "Plan Dalet: The Zionist Master Plan for the
Conquest of Palestine", in Middle East Forum, no. 22, Nov 1961, p 27.
* Weisburd, David, Jewish Settler Violence, Penn State Press, 1985,
pp 20–52
* Lustick, Ian, "Israel's Dangerous Fundamentalists", Foreign
Policy, 68 (Fall 1987), pp 118–139
* Tessler, Mark, "Religion and Politics in the Jewish State of
Israel", in Religious resurgence and politics in the contemporary world,
(Emile
Sahliyeh, Ed)., SUNY Press, 1990, pp 263–296.
* Horowitz, Elliott S. (2006). Reckless rites: Purim and the legacy
of Jewish violence. Princeton University Press. pp. 6–11. _ISBN_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number)
_0-691-12491-4_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-12491-4) .
* Rayner, John D. (1997). An understanding of Judaism. p. 57. _ISBN_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number)
_1-57181-971-1_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57181-971-1) .
* Saleh Abdel Jawad (2007) "Zionist Massacres: the Creation of the
Palestinian Refugee Problem in the 1948 War" in Israel and the Palestinian
refugees, Eyal Benvenistî, Chaim Gans, Sari Hanafi (Eds.), Springer, p. 78:
".. the Zionist movement, which claims to be secular, found it necessary
to embrace the idea of 'the promised land' of Old Testament prophecy, to
justify the confiscation of land and the expulsion of the Palestinians. For
example, the speeches and letter of Chaim Weizman, the secular Zionist
leader, are filled with references to the biblical origins of the Jewish claim
to
Palestine, which he often mixes liberally with more pragmatic and
nationalistic claims. By the use of this premise, embraced in 1937, Zionists
alleged that the Palestinians were usurpers in the Promised Land, and
therefore
their expulsion and death was justified. The Jewish-American writer Dan
Kurzman, in his book Genesis 1948 … describes the view of one of the Deir
Yassin's killers: 'The Sternists followed the instructions of the Bible more
rigidly than others. They honored the passage (Exodus 22:2): 'If a thief be
found …' This meant, of course, that killing a thief was not really murder.
And were not the enemies of Zionism thieves, who wanted to steal from the
Jews what God had granted them?'
* Ehrlich, Carl. S., (1999) "Joshua, Judaism, and Genocide", in
Jewish Studies at the Turn of the Twentieth Century, Judit Targarona Borrás,
Ángel Sáenz-Badillos (Eds). 1999, Brill. p 117-124.
* Hirst, David, The Gun and the Olive Branch: The Roots of Violence
in the Middle East. 1984, p 139.
* Lorch, Netanel, The Edge of the Sword: Israel's War of
Independence, 1947–1949, Putnam, 1961, p 87
* _Pappe, Ilan_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilan_Pappé) , The
ethnic cleansing of Palestine, Oneworld, 2007, p 88
116. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-116)
William R. Slomanson. Fundamental Perspectives on International Law. p.
50
117. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-117)
Karsh, Efraim (1997). Fabricating Israeli History. Frank Cass. p. 55.
118. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-118)
Sarig, Mordechai (1999). The Social and Political Philosophy of Ze'ev
Jabotinsky. Valletine Mitchell. p. 50.
119. _Jump up ^_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-LRB_119-0) shlaim, Avi (9 June
1994). _"It can be done"_
(http://www.lrb.co.uk/v16/n11/avi-shlaim/it-can-be-done) . _London Review of
Books_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Review_of_Books) 16 (11): 26–27.
Retrieved
2012-10-16.
120. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-120)
* Korey, William, Russian antisemitism, Pamyat, and the demonology
of Zionism, Psychology Press, 1995, pp 33–34
* Beker, Avi, Chosen: the history of an idea, the anatomy of an
obsession, Macmillan, 2008, pp 139
* Shimoni, Gideon, Community and conscience: the Jews in apartheid
South Africa, UPNE, 2003, p 167
121. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-121)
Perednik, Gustavo. _"Judeophobia"_
(http://www.antisemitism.org.il/eng/Chapter%2014:%20Contemporary%20Anti-Zionism)
. The Coordination Forum for
Countering Antisemitism.
".. This identity is often explicitly worded by its spokespersons. Thus,
Yakov Malik, the Soviet ambassador to the UN, declared in 1973: “The
Zionists have come forward with the theory of the Chosen People, an absurd
ideology.” (As it is well known, the biblical concept of “Chosen People” is
part
of Judaism; Zionism has nothing to do with it). "
122. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-122)
Resolution 3151 G (XXVIII) of December 14, 1973 by the UN General
Assembly
123. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-123)
Israel and Black Africa: A Rapprochement? Ethan A. Nadelmann. Journal of
Modern African Studies, Vol. 19, No. 2 (Jun., 1981), pp. 183–219
124. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-124)
_Brothers in arms — Israel's secret pact with Pretoria (The Guardian,
February 7, 2006)_
(http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/feb/07/southafrica.israel)
125. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-125)
_UN envoy hits Israel 'apartheid' (BBC, Feb. 23, 2007)_
(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6390755.stm)
126. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-126)
_It's time to rethink Zionism (The Guardian, Feb. 17, 2009)_
(http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/feb/16/israelandthepalestinians-israeli-ele
ctions-2009)
127. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-127)
_Zionism as a Racist Ideology, by Kathleen and Bill Christinson
(Counterpunch, November 8 / 9, 2003)_
(http://www.counterpunch.org/christison11082003.html)
128. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-128)
_UN General Assembly Resolution 3379, Racial Discrimination (Council on
Foreign Relations, November 10, 1975)_
(http://www.cfr.org/un/un-general-assembly-resolution-3379-racial-discrimination/p11284)
129. ^ _Jump up to: a_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-moyn_129-0) _b_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-moyn_129-1) Troy, Gil (2012).
_Moynihan's Moment: America's Fight Against Zionism
as Racism_ (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z_8VqP7QKPA) . Oxford: Oxford
University Press. p. 368. _ISBN_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number)
_9780196360331_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780196360331) .
130. _Jump up ^_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-mfa.gov.il_130-0) _260 General
Assembly Resolution 46-86- Revocation of
Resolution 3379- December 16, 1991 — and statement by President Herzog Dec 16,
1991, VOLUME 11–12: 1988–1992_
(http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign%20Relations/Israels%20Foreign%20Relations%20since%201947/1988-1992/260%20General%20Assem
bly%20Resolution%2046-86-%20Revocation)
131. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-131)
Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York, New York: Basic
Books. p. 320. _ISBN 0-465-04195-7_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0465041957) .
132. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-132)
_Anger over Zionism debate (BBC, Sept. 4, 2001)_
(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1484002.stm)
133. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-133)
_US abandons racism summit(BBC, Sept. 3, 2001)_
(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1523600.stm)
134. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-134)
_Israeli Ambassador Chaim Herzog's Response To Zionism Is Racism
Resolution. November 10, 1975._
(https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/UN/herzogsp.html) "You dare talk
of racism when I can point with pride to the
Arab ministers who have served in my government; to the Arab deputy speaker
of my Parliament; to Arab officers and men serving of their own volition in
our border and police defense forces, frequently commanding Jewish troops;
to the hundreds of thousands of Arabs from all over the Middle East
crowding the cities of Israel every year; to the thousands of Arabs from all
over
the Middle East coming for medical treatment to Israel; to the peaceful
coexistence which has developed; to the fact that Arabic is an official
language in Israel on a par with Hebrew; to the fact that it is as natural for
an
Arab to serve in public office in Israel as it is incongruous to think of a
Jew serving in any public office in an Arab country, indeed being admitted
to many of them. Is that racism? It is not! That, Mr. President, is
Zionism."
135. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-135)
Laquer, Walter (2003). A History of Zionism. Random House. p. XXiii.
136. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-136)
Ottolenghi, Emanuele (2003-11-29). _"Anti-Zionism is anti-semitism"_
(http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/nov/29/comment) . The Guardian (London).
Retrieved 2003-11-29.
137. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-137)
_"Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism"_
(http://jcpa.org/phas/phas-wistrich-f04.htm) . Jerusalem Center for Public
Affairs. Fall 2004. Retrieved
2012-11-17.
138. ^ _Jump up to: a_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-Stauber_138-0) _b_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-Stauber_138-1) _c_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-Stauber_138-2)
Anti-semitism in Germany: the post-Nazi epoch since 1945 By Werner
Bergmann, Rainer Erb, page 182, "Continuity and Change: Extreme Right
Perceptions of Zionism" by Roni Stauber in Anti-semitism worldwide 1999/2000
Tel Aviv
University
139. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-139)
Marcus, Kenneth L. (2007), "Anti-Zionism as Racism: Campus Anti-Semitism
and the Civil Rights Act of 1964", William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal 15
(3): 837–891
140. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-140)
Temko, Ned (October 17, 2006). _"Critics of Israel 'fuelling hatred of
British Jews'"_
(http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2006/sep/03/religion.immigrationpolicy) . The
Guardian (London).
141. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-141)
http://www.h-net.org/~antis/papers/jcr_antisemitism.pdf
142. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-142)
_Norman Cohn_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Cohn) , _Warrant for
Genocide_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrant_for_Genocide) , Serif 2001
chapter 3
143. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-143)
_A Hoax of Hate_
(https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/hoax.html)
144. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-144)
_Norman Cohn_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Cohn) , _Warrant for
Genocide_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrant_for_Genocide) , Serif 2001
page 75-76
145. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-145)
Hamas charter, article 32: "The Zionist plan is limitless. After
Palestine, the Zionists aspire to expand from the Nile to the Euphrates. When
they
will have digested the region they overtook, they will aspire to further
expansion, and so on. Their plan is embodied in the "Protocols of the Elders
of Zion" ..."
146. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-146)
_Korey, W._ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Korey) , "Updating the
Protocols," Midstream, May 1970, p. 17.
147. _Jump up ^_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-Why.3F_147-0) _Prager, D_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Prager) ;
_Telushkin, J_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Telushkin) . Why the
Jews?:
The Reason for Antisemitism. New York: _Simon & Schuster_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_&_Schuster) , 1983. page 169-175.
148. _Jump up ^_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#cite_ref-148)
* Professor _Noam Chomsky_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky) argues: "There have long been
efforts to identify anti-Semitism and
anti-Zionism in an effort to exploit anti-racist sentiment for political ends;
"one of the chief tasks of any dialogue with the Gentile world is to prove
that the distinction between anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism is not a
distinction at all," Israeli diplomat Abba Eban argued, in a typical
expression
of this intellectually and morally disreputable position (Eban, Congress
Bi-Weekly, March 30, 1973). But that no longer suffices. It is now necessary
to identify _criticism of Israeli_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Israel) policies as anti-Semitism —
or in the case of Jews, as
"self-hatred," so that all possible cases are covered." — Chomsky, 1989
"Necessary
Illusions".
* Philosopher _Michael Marder_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Marder) argues: "To deconstruct Zionism
is ... to demand justice for its
victims - not only for the Palestinians, who are suffering from it, but also
for the anti-Zionist Jews, "erased" from the officially consecrated
account of Zionist history. By deconstructing its ideology, we shed light on
the
context it strives to repress and on the violence it legitimises with a mix
of theological or metaphysical reasoning and affective appeals to
historical guilt for the undeniably horrific persecution of Jewish people in
Europe
and elsewhere."_[1]_
(http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/here-why-deconstructing-zionism-important-201312863538927197.html)
_[2]_
(http://www.amazon.com/Deconstructing-Zionism-Metaphysics-Contemporary-Philosophy/d
p/1441105948/ref=sr_1_7?ie=UTF8&qid=1383853271)
* American political scientist _Norman Finkelstein_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Finkelstein) argues that anti-Zionism and
often just
_criticism of Israeli_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Israel)
policies have been conflated with antisemitism, sometimes called _new
antisemitism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_antisemitism) for political
gain: "Whenever Israel faces a public relations débâcle such as the Intifada
or
international pressure to resolve the Israel-Palestine conflict, American
Jewish organizations orchestrate this extravaganza called the 'new
anti-Semitism.' The purpose is several-fold. First, it is to discredit any
charges
by claiming the person is an anti-Semite. It's to turn Jews into the
victims, so that the victims are not the Palestinians any longer. As people
like
Abraham Foxman of the ADL put it, the Jews are being threatened by a new
holocaust. It's a role reversal — the Jews are now the victims, not the
Palestinians. So it serves the function of discrediting the people leveling
the
charge. It's no longer Israel that needs to leave the Occupied Territories;
it's the Arabs who need to free themselves of the anti-Semitism. —
http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/5104
* _Tariq Ali_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariq_Ali) , a
British-Pakistani historian and political activist, argues that the concept of
new
antisemitism amounts to an attempt to subvert the language in the interests
of the State of Israel. He writes that the campaign against "the supposed
new 'anti-semitism'" in modern Europe is a "cynical ploy on the part of the
Israeli Government to seal off the Zionist state from any criticism of its
regular and consistent brutality against the Palestinians ... _Criticism of
Israel_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Israel) can not and
should not be equated with anti-semitism." He argues that most
pro-Palestinian, anti-Zionist groups that emerged after the _Six-Day War_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War) were careful to observe the
distinction between
anti-Zionism and antisemitism. — _Ali, Tariq_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariq_Ali) . _"Notes on Anti-Semitism, Zionism
and Palestine"_
(http://www.counterpunch.org/ali03042004.html) , Counterpunch, March 4, 2004,
first
published in il manifesto, February 26, 2004.
Further reading
* Armborst-Weihs, Kerstin: _The Formation of the Jewish National
Movement Through Transnational Exchange: Zionism in Europe up to the First
World War_ (http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2010092115) , _European
History Online_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_History_Online) ,
Mainz: _Institute of European History_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_European_History) , 2011, retrieved:
August 17, 2011.
* Beller, Steven. Herzl (2004)
* Brenner, Michael, and Shelley Frisch. Zionism: A Brief History
(2003) _excerpt and text search_ (http://www.amazon.com/dp/1558763015)
* Cohen, Naomi. The Americanization of Zionism, 1897–1948 (2003). 304
pp. essays on specialized topics
* Friedman, Isaiah. "Theodor Herzl: Political Activity and
Achievements," Israel Studies 2004 9(3): 46–79, online in _EBSCO_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBSCO)
* Hacohen, Dvorah (1991), "BenGurion and the Second World War", in
Jonathan Frankel, Studies in Contemporary Jewry : Volume VII: Jews and
Messianism in the Modern Era: Metaphor and Meaning, Oxford University Press,
_ISBN_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number)
_9780195361988_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195361988)
* Hakohen, Devorah (2003), Immigrants in Turmoil: Mass Immigration
to Israel and Its Repercussions in the 1950s and After, Syracuse University
Press, _ISBN_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number)
_9780815629696_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815629696)
* _David Hazony_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hazony) , Yoram
Hazony, and Michael B. Oren, eds., "New Essays on Zionism," Shalem Press,
2007.
* Kloke, Martin: _The Development of Zionism Until the Founding of
the State of Israel_ (http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2011081801) ,
_European History Online_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_History_Online) , Mainz: _Institute of
European History_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_European_History) , 2010, retrieved:
June 13, 2012.
* Laqueur, Walter. A History of Zionism: From the French Revolution
to the Establishment of the State of Israel (2003) survey by a leading
scholar _excerpt and text search_ (http://www.amazon.com/dp/0805211497)
* Medoff, Rafael. "Recent Trends in the Historiography of American
Zionism," American Jewish History 86 (March 1998), 117–134.
* _Motyl, Alexander J._
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_J._Motyl) (2001). Encyclopedia of
Nationalism, Volume II. Academic Press.
_ISBN_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number)
_0-12-227230-7_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-227230-7) .
* Pawel, Ernst. The Labyrinth of Exile: A Life of Theodor Herzl
(1992) _excerpt and text search_ (http://www.amazon.com/dp/0374523517)
* Sachar, Howard M. A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to
Our Time (2007) _excerpt and text search_
(http://www.amazon.com/dp/0375711325)
* Shimoni, Gideon. The Zionist Ideology (1995)
* _Taub, Gadi_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadi_Taub) . The
Settlers and the Struggle over the Meaning of Zionism (2010, Hebrew, English)
* Taylor, A.R., 1971, 'Vision and intent in Zionist Thought', in 'The
transformation of Palestine', ed. by I. Abu-Lughod, _ISBN 0-8101-0345-1_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810103451) ,
_Northwestern University Press_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University_Press) , Evanston, USA
* Urofsky, Melvin I. American Zionism from Herzl to the Holocaust
(1995), a standard history
* Wigoder, Geoffrey, ed. New Encyclopedia of Zionism and Israel (2nd
ed. 2 vol. 1994); 1521pp
* Judith Butler: Parting Ways: Jewishness and the Critique of
Zionism. Columbia University Press, 2013. _ISBN 978-0231146111_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231146111) (Paperback)
Primary sources
* Herzl, Theodor. A Jewish state: an attempt at a modern solution of
the Jewish question (1896) _full text online_
(http://books.google.com/books?id=eXkLAAAAIAAJ&dq=inauthor:herzl&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=
&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0)
* Herzl, Theodor. Theodor Herzl: Excerpts from His Diaries (2006)
_excerpt and text search_
(http://books.google.com/books?id=2RhB8hgyK4UC&dq=inauthor:herzl&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is
=&num=30&as_brr=3)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to _Zionism_
(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Zionism) . _Wikisource_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource) has original text related to this
article:
_Zionism an Affirmation of Judaism_
(http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Zionism_an_Affirmation_of_Judaism)
* _Central Zionist Archives site in Jerusalem_
(http://www.zionistarchives.org.il/)
* _WZO website_ (http://www.hagshama.org.il/en/)
Works related to _Zionism_
(http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Zionism) at Wikisource
* _Jewish State.com_ (http://www.jewishstate.com/) Zionism, News,
Links
* _Exodus1947.com_ (http://www.exodus1947.com/) PBS Documentary Film
focusing on the secret American involvement in Aliyah Bet, narrated by
Morley Safer
* _SAZ — Support Association for Zionism_
(http://www.sazionism.co.za/)
* _Hanoar Hatzioni UK_ (http://www.hanoar.co.uk/) A Jewish-Zionist
Youth Movement
* _Theodore Herzl and Rev. William Hechler and the Zionist
Beginnings_ (http://jewishmag.com/145mag/herzl_hechler/herzl_hechler.htm)
* _Is Zionism in Crisis?_
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Ffa6qMUX6U&list=WL5ABC371F9A2AC9F7) A
Follow-Up Debate with _Peter Beinart_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Beinart) and _Alan Dershowitz_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Dershowitz) at The Graduate Center, _CUNY_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUNY)
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* _t_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Zionism) ·
* _e_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Zionism&action=edit)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel) Zionism
Concepts
* _Zion_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zion) ·
* _Land of Israel_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Israel) ·
* _Aliyah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah) ·
* _Yerida_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerida) ·
* _Homeland_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people) (_proposals_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposals_for_a_Jewish_state) ) ·
* _Jewish state_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_state) ·
* _Law of Return_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Return) ·
* _Yishuv_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yishuv) ·
* _Territorialism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorialism) ·
* _Promised Land_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promised_Land) ·
* _Settlement_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_and_stockade) ·
* _Negation of the Diaspora_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negation_of_the_Diaspora) ·
* _Revival of the Hebrew language_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language) ·
* _Hebraization of surnames_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames) ·
* _Judaization_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaization)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zionism-template.png)
_Ideologies_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streams_of_Zionism)
* _Political_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Zionism) ·
* _Practical_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practical_Zionism) ·
* _Synthetic_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_Zionism) ·
* _General_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Zionists) ·
* _Labor_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Zionism) ·
* _Revisionist_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism)
·
* _Canaanism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanism) ·
* _Reform_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Zionism) ·
* _Religious_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Zionism) ·
* _Cultural_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Zionism) ·
* _Federal_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Zionism) ·
* _Post-Zionism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Zionism) ·
* _Neo-Zionism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Zionism) ·
* _Christian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Zionism) ·
* _Muslim_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_supporters_of_Israel)
·
* _Kahanism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahanism) ·
* _Green_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Zionism)
Organizations
* _Histadrut_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histadrut) ·
* _World Zionist Organization_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization) ·
* _Zionist General Council_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionist_General_Council) ·
* _Zionist Organization of America_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionist_Organization_of_America) ·
* _Religious Zionists of America_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Zionists_of_America) ·
* _Jewish National Fund_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund) ·
* _Poale Zion_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poale_Zion) ·
* _Jewish Agency for Israel_ (http:/
/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel) ·
* _Jewish National Council_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_National_Council) ·
* _Bnei Akiva_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bnei_Akiva) ·
* _Habonim Dror_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habonim_Dror) ·
* _Hashomer Hatzair_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashomer_Hatzair)
·
* _Haganah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haganah) ·
* _World Agudath Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel) ·
* _Irgun_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irgun) ·
* _Betar_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betar) ·
* _Lehi_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehi_(group)) ·
* _Jewish Resistance Movement_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Resistance_Movement) ·
* _Palmach_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmach) ·
* _Women's International Zionist Organization_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_International_Zionist_Organization) ·
* _Green Zionist Alliance_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Zionist_Alliance) ·
* _American Zionist Movement_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Zionist_Movement) ·
* _Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionist_Federation_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland)
·
* _Institute for Zionist Strategies_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Zionist_Strategies)
History and
timelines
* _Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel)
·
* _Balfour Declaration_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Declaration) ·
* _UN General Assembly Resolution 3379_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_3379)
·
* _UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_46/86)
·
* _History of Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Zionism) ·
* _Timeline of Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Zionism) ·
* _|Israel_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Israel_(Modern))
·
* _the Arab–Israeli conflict_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab–
Israeli_conflict)
Related topics
* _List of Zionists_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Zionists)
·
* _Anti-Zionism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Zionism) ·
* _Haredim and Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haredim_and_Zionism) ·
* _Jewish autonomism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_autonomism) ·
* _Jewish emancipation_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_emancipation) ·
* _Jewish political movements_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_political_movements) ·
* _Greater Israel_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Israel) ·
* _Muscular Judaism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular_Judaism)
·
* _Zionist political violence_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionist_political_violence)
[_show_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#) ]
* _v_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism) ·
* _t_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism)
·
* _e_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Jews_and_Judaism&action=edit)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_of_David) _Jews_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews) and _Judaism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism)
* _Outline of Judaism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism)
_Jewish groups_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions)
* _European Jews_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe) ·
* _Ashkenazim_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews) ·
* _Berber Jews_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_Jews) ·
* _Beta Israel_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Israel) ·
* _Bukharan_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukharan_Jews) ·
* _Georgian Jews_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Jews) ·
* _Indian Jews_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Jews)
(
* _Bene Israel_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bene_Israel) ·
* _Cochin Jews_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochin_Jews) ·
* _Bene Ephraim_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bene_Ephraim) )
·
* _Italqim_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italqim) ·
* _Mizrahim_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews) ·
* _Mountain Jews_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Jews) ·
* _Persian Jews_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Jews) ·
* _Romaniotes_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniotes) ·
* _Sephardim_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardi_Jews)
(
* _Maghrebi Jews_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews) ·
* _Spanish and Portuguese Jews_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews) )
·
* _Urfalim_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urfalim) ·
* _Kaifeng Jews_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews)
_Religious
movements_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements)
* _Orthodox_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism)
(
* _Chardal_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chardal) ·
* _Haredi_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haredi_Judaism) ·
* _Hasidic_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism) ·
* _Modern Orthodox_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism) ·
* _Religious Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Zionism) )
·
* _Musar movement_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musar_movement) ·
* _Neolog_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolog_Judaism) ·
* _Conservative_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Judaism)
(
* _Conservadox_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservadox_Judaism)
)
·
* _Reform_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Judaism) ·
* _Reconstructionist_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism) ·
* _Progressive Judaism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Judaism) ·
* _Jewish Renewal_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Renewal) ·
* _Humanistic_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism) ·
* _Rabbinic_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism) ·
* _Karaite_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaite_Judaism) ·
* _Lev Tahor_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Tahor) ·
* _Samaritans_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritans) ·
* _Schisms_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_schisms) ·
* _Shomer Masoret_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shomer_Masoret) ·
* _Intra-Jewish relations_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements)
·
* _Atheism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_atheism) ·
* _Noahidism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noahidism)
_Philosophy_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_philosophy)
* _Principles of faith_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith) ·
* _Chosen people_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people) ·
* _Eschatology_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_eschatology) ·
* _Ethics_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_ethics) ·
* _Halakha_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halakha) ·
* _Holocaust theology_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_theology) ·
* _Kabbalah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbalah) ·
* _Kashrut_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashrut) ·
* _Messianism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_messianism) ·
* _Names of God_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism) ·
* _Seven Laws of Noah_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah) ·
* _Tzedakah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzedakah) ·
* _Tzniut_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzniut)
_Religious texts_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Jewish_texts)
* _Torah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah) ·
* _Chumash_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chumash_(Judaism)) ·
* _Tanakh_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanakh)
(
* _Torah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentateuch) ·
* _Nevi'im_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevi'im) ·
* _Ketuvim_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketuvim) )
·
* _Mishnah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah) ·
* _Talmud_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud) ·
* _Tosefta_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosefta) ·
* _Midrash_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midrash) ·
* _Rabbinic literature_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinic_literature) ·
* _Mishneh Torah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishneh_Torah) ·
* _Arba'ah Turim_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arba'ah_Turim) ·
* _Shulchan Aruch_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch) ·
* _Mishnah Berurah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah_Berurah)
·
* _Zohar_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohar) ·
* _Haggadah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haggadah) ·
* _Piyyut_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyyut) ·
* _Siddur_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddur)
_Places_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Jewish_holy_places)
* _Land of Israel_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Israel) ·
* _Four Holy Cities_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Holy_Cities)
(
* _Jerusalem_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem) ·
* _Tzfat_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed) ·
* _Hebron_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron) ·
* _Tiberias_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberias) )
·
* _Beth din_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_din) ·
* _Mikvah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikveh) ·
* _Synagogue_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue) ·
* _Temple_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem) ·
* _Tabernacle_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabernacle) ·
* _Western Wall_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Wall)
_Biblical figures_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_major_biblical_figures)
* _Abraham_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham) ·
* _Isaac_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac) ·
* _Jacob_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob) ·
* _Sarah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah) ·
* _Rebecca_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca) ·
* _Rachel_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel) ·
* _Leah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leah) ·
* _Joseph_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_(son_of_Jacob)) ·
* _Judah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_(biblical_person)) ·
* _Moses_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses) ·
* _Joshua_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua) ·
* _Deborah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah) ·
* _Ruth_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ruth) ·
* _David_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David) ·
* _Solomon_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon) ·
* _Elijah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah)
_Leadership_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_leadership)
* _Hillel_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillel_the_Elder) ·
* _Shammai_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shammai) ·
* _Yehudah haNasi_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_the_Prince)
·
* _Saadia Gaon_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadia_Gaon) ·
* _Gershom ben Judah_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershom_ben_Judah) ·
* _Isaac Alfasi_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Alfasi) ·
* _Rashi_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashi) ·
* _Judah Halevi_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_Halevi) ·
* _Abraham ibn Ezra_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra)
·
* _Tosafists_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tosafists) ·
* _Maimonides_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides) ·
* _Nahmanides_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahmanides) ·
* _Asher ben Jehiel_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asher_ben_Jehiel)
·
* _Gersonides_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gersonides) ·
* _Joseph Albo_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Albo) ·
* _Isaac Abrabanel_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Abrabanel)
·
* _Isaac Luria_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Luria) ·
* _Baal Shem Tov_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal_Shem_Tov) ·
* _Vilna Gaon_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilna_Gaon) ·
* _Seligman Baer_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seligman_Baer) ·
* _Moses Mendelssohn_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn) ·
* _Leopold Zunz_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Zunz) ·
* _Samson Raphael Hirsch_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samson_Raphael_Hirsch) ·
* _Abraham Geiger_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Geiger) ·
* _Solomon Schechter_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Schechter) ·
* _David Ben-Gurion_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion)
·
* _Golda Meir_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golda_Meir) ·
* _Menachem Begin_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menachem_Begin) ·
* _Mordecai Kaplan_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordecai_Kaplan)
·
* _Menachem Schneerson_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson) ·
* _Abraham Joshua Heschel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Joshua_Heschel) ·
* _Joseph B. Soloveitchik_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_B._Soloveitchik) ·
* _Shlomo Carlebach_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Carlebach_(musician)) ·
* _Adin Steinsaltz_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adin_Steinsaltz)
·
* _Zalman Schachter-Shalomi_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalman_Schachter-Shalomi) ·
* _Arthur Waskow_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Waskow) ·
* _Norman Lamm_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Lamm) ·
* _Lawrence A. Hoffman_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_A._Hoffman) ·
* _Aryeh Kaplan_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryeh_Kaplan)
_Roles_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Jewish_religious_occupations)
* _Kohen_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohen) ·
* _Hazzan_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazzan) ·
* _Gabbai_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabbai) ·
* _Maggid_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggid) ·
* _Mashgiach_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashgiach) ·
* _Mohel_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohel) ·
* _Posek_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posek) ·
* _Rabbi_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi) ·
* _Rebbe_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebbe) ·
* _Rosh yeshiva_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosh_yeshiva) ·
* _Scribe_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribe)
_Culture_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_culture)
* _Minyan_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyan) ·
* _Bar and Bat Mitzvah_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_and_Bat_Mitzvah) ·
* _Bereavement_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism)
·
* _Brit milah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_milah) ·
* _Hebrew calendar_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_calendar)
·
* _Hebrew birthday_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_birthday)
·
* _Etymology of the word Jew_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew_(word)) ·
* _Marriage_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage)
·
* _Wedding_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_wedding) ·
* _Niddah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niddah) ·
* _Pidyon haben_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidyon_haben) ·
* _Music_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_music) ·
* _Cuisine_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_cuisine) ·
* _Hiloni_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiloni) ·
* _Shidduch_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shidduch) ·
* _Zeved habat_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeved_habat)
Issues and others
* _Who is a Jew?_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew?) ·
* _Abortion_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism_and_abortion) ·
* _Assimilation_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_assimilation)
·
* _Capital Punishment_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_and_corporal_punishment_in_Judaism) ·
* _Conversion to Judaism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism) ·
* _Crypto-Judaism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypto-Judaism) ·
* _Environmentalism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism_and_environmentalism) ·
* _Forbidden Relationships_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_relationships_in_Judaism) ·
* _Gender_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_and_Judaism) ·
* _Heresy_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy_in_Judaism) ·
* _Jewish intelligence_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_intelligence) ·
* _Israeli–Palestinian Conflict_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli–Palestinian_conflict) ·
* _Jewish studies_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_studies) ·
* _Messianic Judaism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messianic_Judaism) ·
* _Marriage_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage)
·
* _Homosexuality_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism_and_sexual_orientation) ·
* _Same-Sex Marriage_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_and_Judaism) ·
* _Religious Terrorism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_religious_terrorism) ·
* _Schisms_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_schisms) ·
* _Vegetarianism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_vegetarianism)
·
* _Jewish Encyclopedia_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia) ·
* _Encyclopaedia Judaica_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica)
_Languages_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_languages)
* _Hebrew_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language)
(
* _Biblical_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew) )
·
* _Juhuri (Judeo-Tat)_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Tat) ·
* _Judeo-Arabic_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages) ·
* _Judeo-Aramaic_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_language) ·
* _Judæo-Iranian_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judæo-Iranian_languages) ·
* _Ladino_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish) ·
* _Yeshivish_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshivish) ·
* _Yiddish_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish_language)
Religious articles
and prayers
* _Aleinu_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleinu) ·
* _Amidah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amidah) ·
* _Four Species_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Species) ·
* _Gartel_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartel) ·
* _Hallel_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallel) ·
* _Havdalah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havdalah) ·
* _Kaddish_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaddish) ·
* _Kittel_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kittel) ·
* _Kol Nidre_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol_Nidre) ·
* _Ma Tovu_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Tovu) ·
* _Menorah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menorah_(Temple))
(
* _Hanukiah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menorah_(Hanukkah)) )
·
* _Mezuzah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezuzah) ·
* _Sefer Torah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefer_Torah) ·
* _Services_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_prayer)
(
* _Prayer_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jewish_prayers_and_blessings) )
·
* _Shema Yisrael_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shema_Yisrael) ·
* _Shofar_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shofar) ·
* _Siddur_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddur) ·
* _Tallit_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallit) ·
* _Tefillin_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tefillin) ·
* _Tzitzit_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzitzit) ·
* _Yad_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad) ·
* _Kippah/Yarmulke_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kippah)
_Interactions with
other religions_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Judaism_and_other_religions)
* _Jewish views on religious pluralism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_views_on_religious_pluralism) ·
* _Abrahamic religions_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamic_religions) ·
* _Christianity_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism)
(
* _Catholicism_ (http://en
.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relations_between_Catholicism_and_Judaism) ·
* _Christian–Jewish reconciliation_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian–Jewish_reconciliation) ·
* _Judeo-Christian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Christian)
·
* _Messianic Judaism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messianic_Judaism) )
·
* _Islam_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic–Jewish_relations) ·
* _Mormonism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormonism_and_Judaism)
·
* _Jewish Buddhist_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist)
·
* _Semitic Neopaganism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_Neopaganism) ·
* _Black Hebrew Israelites_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites) ·
* _Kabbalah Centre_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbalah_Centre)
·
* _Others_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Judaism)
_History_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_history)
* _Timeline_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history) ·
* _Ancient_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah) ·
* _Temple in Jerusalem_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem) ·
* _Babylonian captivity_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_captivity) ·
* _Jerusalem_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem)
(
* _Significance_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism)
·
* _Timeline_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem) )
·
* _Hasmonean dynasty_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty) ·
* _Herod_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_the_Great) ·
* _Sanhedrin_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin) ·
* _Pharisees_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharisees) ·
* _Sadducees_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadducees) ·
* _Essenes_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essenes) ·
* _First Jewish–Roman War_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Jewish
–Roman_War) ·
* _Bar Kokhba revolt_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt) ·
* _Diaspora_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora) ·
* _Ancient & Medieval Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Israel_(Ancient_and_Medieval)) ·
* _Middle Ages_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages) ·
* _Muslim rule_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_under_Muslim_rule) ·
* _Sabbateans_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbateans) ·
* _Haskalah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskalah) ·
* _Emancipation_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_emancipation)
·
* _The Holocaust_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust) ·
* _History of Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Zionism) ·
* _Modern Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Israel_(Modern)) ·
* _Land of Israel_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Israel) ·
* _Aliyah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah) ·
* _Baal teshuva movement_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement) ·
* _Arab–Israeli_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab–
Israeli_conflict) / _Israeli–Palestinian conflicts_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli–
Palestinian_conflict) ·
* _Judaism by country_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism_by_country)
_Politics_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_political_movements)
* _Israel_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel) ·
* Zionism
(
* _General_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Zionists) ·
* _Labor_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Zionism) ·
* _Religious_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Zionism) ·
* _Revisionist_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism)
)
·
* _Political movements_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_political_movements)
(
* _Left_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_left) ·
* _Right_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_right) ·
* _Anarchism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_anarchism) )
·
* _Bundism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundism) ·
* _World Agudath Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel) ·
* _Edah HaChareidis_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edah_HaChareidis)
·
* _Feminism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_feminism) ·
* _Politics of Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Israel)
_Anti-Semitism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Semitism)
* _History_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_antisemitism)
·
* _Persecution_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews)
·
* _New_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_antisemitism) ·
* _Racial_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_antisemitism) ·
* _Religious_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_antisemitism)
·
* _Secondary_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_antisemitism)
* _Category_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism)
·
* _Portal_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Judaism) ·
* _WikiProject_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Judaism)
[_show_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#) ]
* _v_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Israel_topics) ·
* _t_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Israel_topics) ·
* _e_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Israel_topics&action=edit)
_Israel_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel) _topics_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Israel-related_topics)
_History_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Israel)
* _Ancient Israel and Judah_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah) ·
* Zionism ·
* _Independence_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence) ·
* _Timeline_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Israeli_history)
(
* _by year_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Years_in_Israel) )
·
* _Arab–Israeli conflict_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab–
Israeli_conflict)
(
* _Israeli–Palestinian conflict_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli–Palestinian_conflict) ·
* _Peace process_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli–
Palestinian_peace_process) )
_Geography_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Israel)
* _Borders_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_of_Israel) ·
* _Cities_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Israeli_cities)
(
* _Jerusalem_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem) ·
* _Tel Aviv_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv) ·
* _Haifa_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifa) )
·
* _Districts_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Israel) ·
* _Lakes_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Israel)
(
* _Dead Sea_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea) ·
* _Sea of Galilee_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee) )
·
* _Land of Israel_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Israel) ·
* _National parks and nature reserves_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_parks_and_nature_reserves_of_Israel) ·
* _Rivers_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Israel)
(
* _Jordan River_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River) )
·
* _Wildlife_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Israel)
_Politics_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Israel)
* _Cabinet_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Israel)
(
* _Prime Minister_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel) )
·
* _Elections_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Israel) ·
* _Foreign relations_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Israel) ·
* _Human rights_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Israel)
(
* _LGBT_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Israel) )
·
* _Israeli-occupied territories_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories) ·
* _Knesset (parliament)_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knesset)
(
* _Parties_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Israel) )
·
* _Law_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_law)
(
* _Basic Laws_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Laws_of_Israel)
·
* _Judicial system_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Israel) )
·
* _President_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Israel) ·
* _System of government_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_system_of_government)
_Security_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_security_forces)
* _Civil defense_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_defense_in_Israel) ·
* _Intelligence Community_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Intelligence_Community)
(
* _Mossad_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossad) )
·
* _Israel Defense Forces_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces)
(
* _Conscription_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_in_Israel) ·
* _Structure_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_and_internal_organization_of_the_Israel_Army)
)
·
* _National Security Council_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Israel)) ·
* _Police_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Police) ·
* _West Bank barrier_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier)
_Economy_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Israel)
* _Agriculture_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Israel)
·
* _Banking_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_in_Israel)
(
* _Bank of Israel_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Israel) )
·
* _Companies_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Israel) ·
* _Diamond industry_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_industry_in_Israel) ·
* _Energy_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Israel) ·
* _New shekel (currency)_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_new_shekel) ·
* _Science and technology_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Israel) ·
* _Taxation_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Israel) ·
* _Tel Aviv Stock Exchange_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Stock_Exchange) ·
* _Telecommunications_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Israel) ·
* _Tourism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Israel) ·
* _Transport_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Israel) ·
* _Water supply and sanitation_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Israel)
_Culture_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Israel)
* _Archaeology_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology_of_Israel)
·
* _Architecture_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Israel) ·
* _Cinema_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Israel) ·
* _Cuisine_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_cuisine) ·
* _Fashion_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_fashion) ·
* _Internet_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_Israel) ·
* _Inventions and discoveries_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Israeli_inventions_and_discoveries) ·
* _Kibbutz_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibbutz) ·
* _Literature_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_literature) ·
* _Media_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Israel) ·
* _Museums_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Israeli_museums)
·
* _Music_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Israel) ·
* _National symbols_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_symbols_of_Israel) ·
* _Public holidays_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Israel) ·
* _Sports_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_Israel)
(
* _Maccabiah Games_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabiah_Games)
)
·
* _Visual arts_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_arts_in_Israel)
_Demographics_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Israel)
* _Aliyah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah) ·
* _Crime_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_Israel) ·
* _Education_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Israel)
(
* _Universities and colleges_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Israeli_universities_and_colleges) )
·
* _Health care_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_Israel)
·
* _Languages_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Israel)
(
* _Hebrew_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language) ·
* _Arabic_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language) ·
* _English_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language) ·
* _Russian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language_in_Israel)
)
·
* _People_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelis)
(
* _Jews_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Jews) ·
* _Arabs_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel) ·
* _Druze_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Druze) )
·
* _Religion_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Israel)
(
* _Judaism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism) ·
* _Islam_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Israel) ·
* _Christianity_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel) ·
* _Druze_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Druze) )
·
* _Standard of living_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_Israel) ·
* _Women_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Israel)
* _Outline_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Israel) ·
* _Index_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Israel-related_articles)
* _Book_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Israel) ·
* _Category_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Israel) ·
* _Portal_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Israel) ·
* _WikiProject_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Israel)
[_show_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#) ]
* _v_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Religion_and_politics)
·
* _t_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_and_politics) ·
* _e_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Religion_and_politics&action=edit)
_Religion and politics_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_politics)
* _Religion_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion) ·
* _Politics_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics) ·
* _Ideology_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology)
General concepts
* _Clericalism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clericalism) ·
* _Confessionalism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)) ·
* _Divine rule_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_rule) ·
* _Identity politics_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_politics) ·
* _Laïcité_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laïcité) ·
* _Political religion_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_religion) ·
* _Religious anarchism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_anarchism) ·
* _Religious communism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_communism) ·
* _Religious law_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_law) ·
* _Religious nationalism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_nationalism) ·
* _Religious police_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_police)
·
* _Religious rejection of politics_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_rejection_of_politics) ·
* _Religious segregation_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_segregation) ·
* _Religious separatism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatism#Religious) ·
* _Religious socialism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_socialism) ·
* _Religious views on same-sex marriage_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_views_on_same-sex_marriage) ·
* _Secularism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism) ·
* _Separation of church and state_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state) ·
* _State atheism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_atheism) ·
* _State religion_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion) ·
* _Theocracy_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theocracy) ·
* _Theonomy_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theonomy)
_Christianity and politics_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_and_politics)
* _Blaine Amendment_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaine_Amendment)
·
* _Christian anarchism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism) ·
* _Christian communism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_communism) ·
* _Christian democracy_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_democracy) ·
* _Christian fascism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_fascism) ·
* _Christian feminism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_feminism) ·
* _Christian law_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_law) ·
* _Christian left_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_left) ·
* _Christian libertarianism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_libertarianism) ·
* _Christian pacifism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_pacifism) ·
* _Christian reconstructionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism) ·
* _Christian republic_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_republic) ·
* _Christian right_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_right)
·
* _Christian socialism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_socialism) ·
* _Christian Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Zionism) ·
* _Dominionism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominionism) ·
* _Papal state_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_state) ·
* _Pillarization_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillarization) ·
* _Political Catholicism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Catholicism) ·
* _Theodemocracy_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodemocracy)
_Political Islam_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Islam)
* _Human Rights in Islam_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam) ·
* _Islamic anarchism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_anarchism) ·
* _Islamic democracy_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_democracy) ·
* _Islamic fascism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_fascism)
·
* _Islamic feminism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_feminism)
·
* _Islamic law_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_law)
(
* _by country_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia_by_country) )
·
* _Islamic nationalism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_nationalism) ·
* _Islamic socialism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_socialism) ·
* _Islamic state_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_state) ·
* _Khilafat_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khilafat) ·
* _Political quietism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_quietism) ·
* _Two-nation theory_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory)
_Judaism and politics_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism_and_politics)
* _Halachic state_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halachic_state) ·
* _Jewish anarchism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_anarchism)
·
* _Jewish communism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism) ·
* _Jewish democracy_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_and_democratic_state) ·
* _Jewish fascism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahanism) ·
* _Jewish feminism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_feminism)
·
* _Jewish law_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_law) ·
* _Jewish political movements_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_political_movements) ·
* _Jewish right_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_right) ·
* _Jewish socialism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_socialism)
·
* _Religious Zionism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Zionism)
_Hindu politics_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_politics)
* _Hindu law_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_law) ·
* _Hindu nationalism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism) ·
* _Hindutva_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutva)
Buddhism and politics
* _Buddhist feminism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_feminism) ·
* _Buddhist law_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_law) ·
* _Buddhist modernism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_modernism) ·
* _Buddhist socialism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_socialism)
Other
* _Imperial cult_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)) (_Ancient Rome_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome) ) ·
* _Juche_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche) ·
* _Khalistan movement_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalistan_movement) ·
* _Personality cult_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_cult)
[_show_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#) ]
* _v_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ethnic_nationalism) ·
* _t_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_nationalism)
·
* _e_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Ethnic_nationalism&action=edit)
_Ethnic nationalism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism)
* _Acholi_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acholi_nationalism) ·
* _African_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_nationalism) ·
* _Afrikaner_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism)
·
* _Albanian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_nationalism) ·
* _Algerian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_nationalism) ·
* _American_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_nationalism) ·
* _Andalusian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_nationalism)
·
* _Arab_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_nationalism) ·
* _Argentine_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_nationalism)
·
* _Armenian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_nationalism) ·
* _Assamese_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_nationalism) ·
* _Assyrian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism) ·
* _Asturian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturian_nationalism) ·
* _Austrian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_nationalism) ·
* _Azerbaijani_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_nationalism) ·
* _Balkar and Karachay_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkar_and_Karachay_nationalism) ·
* _Baloch_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloch_nationalism) ·
* _Bangladeshi_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism) ·
* _Basque_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_nationalism) ·
* _Bavarian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_nationalism) ·
* _Bengali_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_nationalism) ·
* _Berber_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberism) ·
* _Black_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_nationalism) ·
* _Bodo_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodo_nationalism) ·
* _Bosniak_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnianism) ·
* _Brazilian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_nationalism)
·
* _Breton_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_nationalism) ·
* _British_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_nationalism) ·
* _Canadian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_nationalism) ·
* _Canarian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canarian_nationalism) ·
* _Castilian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castilian_nationalism)
·
* _Catalan_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_nationalism) ·
* _Celtic_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Celticism) ·
* _Chicano_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicano_nationalism) ·
* _Chinese_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_nationalism) ·
* _Circassian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassian_nationalism)
·
* _Cornish_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_nationalism) ·
* _Corsican_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsican_nationalism) ·
* _Croatian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_nationalism) ·
* _Czechoslovak_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakism) ·
* _Dalit_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalit_nationalism) ·
* _East Turkestani_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement) ·
* _Egyptian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism) ·
* _English_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_nationalism) ·
* _Estonian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_nationalism) ·
* _Filipino_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_nationalism) ·
* _Flemish_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_Movement) ·
* _French_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_nationalism) ·
* _Galician_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician_nationalism) ·
* _German_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_nationalism) (_in
Austria_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_nationalism_in_Austria) ) ·
* _Gorkha_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorkha_Janmukti_Morcha) ·
* _Greek_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_nationalism) ·
* _Hawaiian_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement) ·
* _Hindu_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism) ·
* _Hungarian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_nationalism)
·
* _Icelandic_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_nationalism)
·
* _Indian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_nationalism) ·
* _Iranian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_nationalism) ·
* _Iraqi_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism) ·
* _Irish_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_nationalism) ·
* _Islamic_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Islamism) ·
* _Italian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_nationalism) ·
* _Japanese_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_nationalism) ·
* Jewish ·
* _Kashmiri_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiriyat) ·
* _Korean_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_nationalism) ·
* _Kurdish_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism) ·
* _Lebanese_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_nationalism) ·
* _Lezgian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lezgin_nationalism) ·
* _Libyan_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_nationalism) ·
* _Macedonian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism)
·
* _Malay_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu) ·
* _Manchurian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchurian_nationalism)
·
* _Māori_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Māori_protest_movement) ·
* _Marathi_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_nationalism) ·
* _Moldovan_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldovenism) ·
* _Mongolian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Mongolism) ·
* _Montenegrin_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism) ·
* _Naga_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_nationalism) ·
* _Nigerian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_nationalism) ·
* _Occitan_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitan_nationalism) ·
* _Pakistani_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism)
·
* _Palestinian_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism) ·
* _Polish_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_nationalism) ·
* _Prussian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_nationalism) ·
* _Québécois_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_nationalism) ·
* _Rhenish_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhenish_nationalism) ·
* _Romanian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_nationalism) ·
* _Russian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_nationalism) ·
* _Saraiki_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraiki_nationalism) ·
* _Sardinian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinian_nationalism)
·
* _Scottish_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_nationalism) ·
* _Serbian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_nationalism) ·
* _Sicilian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_nationalism) ·
* _Sikh_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalistan_movement) ·
* _Sindhi_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_nationalism) ·
* _Sinhalese Buddhist_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism) ·
* _Slavic_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Slavism) ·
* _Slovenian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_nationalism)
·
* _Somali_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_nationalism) ·
* _South Asian Muslim_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia) ·
* _South Islander_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Island_nationalism) ·
* _Spanish_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_nationalism) ·
* _Sri Lankan Tamil_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism) ·
* _Swabian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabian_nationalism) ·
* _Syrian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_nationalism) ·
* _Taiwanese_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism)
·
* _Tamil_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_nationalism) ·
* _Tibetan_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement) ·
* _Tripuri_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripuri_nationalism) ·
* _Tunisian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_nationalism) ·
* _Turkic_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Turkism) ·
* _Turkish_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_nationalism) ·
* _Ugandan_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandan_nationalism) ·
* _Ukrainian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism)
·
* _Ulster_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_nationalism) ·
* _Valencian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencian_nationalism)
·
* _Venetian_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_nationalism) ·
* _Walloon_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walloon_Movement) ·
* _Welsh_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_nationalism) ·
* _White_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_nationalism) ·
* _Yugoslav_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavism)
* Note: Forms of nationalism based primarily on _ethnic groups_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group) are listed above. This does not
imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of
_ethnic nationalism_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism) .
[_show_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#) ]
* _v_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Jewish_nationalism_and_the_Land_of_Israel)
·
* _t_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_nationalism_and_the_Land_of_Israel)
·
* _e_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Jewish_nationalism_and_the_Land_of_Israel&action=edit)
Jewish nationalism and the _region of Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Israel)
_Historic region of Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Israel) _Independent Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence) _Modern
Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Israel)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_Land_of_Israel.jpg)
History
____________________________________
* _Prehistory_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Levant) / _History of the
Levant_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Levant)
* _History of ancient Israel and Judah_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah)
* _Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism)
_The Jewish people_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews)
____________________________________
* _Timeline of Jewish history_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history)
* _History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel)
(_leaders_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jewish_leaders_in_the_Land_of_Israel) )
* _Modern Jewish settlement in the Land of Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_the_Jewish_settlement_in_the_land_of_Israel_in_mod
ern_times)
*
* _History of Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Israel) ·
* _Israeli Jews_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Jews) ·
* _Culture of Israel_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Israel) ·
* _Law of Return_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Return)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Is-map.PNG)
_History_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Israel) to 1948
____________________________________
* Zionism (_history_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Zionism) · _timeline_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Zionism) ) ·
* _Aliyah_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah) ·
* _Theodor Herzl_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl) ·
* _Balfour Declaration_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Declaration) ·
* _United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine) ·
* _Declaration of Independence_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence)
_Arab–Israeli conflict_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab–
Israeli_conflict)
____________________________________
* _Israeli–Palestinian conflict_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli–Palestinian_conflict) (_Peace process_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli–Palestinian_peace_process) )
* _Israeli disengagement from Gaza_ (http
://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_disengagement_from_Gaza)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Time_zone_map_of_Israel.png)
_Green Line_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Line_(Israel))
* _Israeli settlements_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_settlement)
_Timeline_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_settlement_timeline) ·
* _International law_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law_and_Israeli_settlements)
* _West Bank_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank)
_Political status_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_status_of_the_Palestinian_territories)
·
* _Judea and Samaria Area_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea_and_Samaria_Area)
* _Gaza Strip_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip)
_Political status_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_status_of_the_Palestinian_territories)
·
* _Geography_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_the_Gaza_Strip) ·
* _Hof Aza Regional Council_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hof_Aza_Regional_Council)
* _East Jerusalem_ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Jerusalem)
_Positions on Jerusalem_
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positions_on_Jerusalem)
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* _Eesti_ (http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionism)
* _Ελληνικά_ (http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Σιωνισμός)
* _Español_ (http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionismo)
* _Esperanto_ (http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cionismo)
* _Euskara_ (http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionismo)
* _فارسی_ (http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/صهیونیسم)
* _Français_ (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionisme)
* _Gaelg_ (http://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seionaght)
* _Galego_ (http://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionismo)
* _한국어_ (http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/시오니즘)
* _Հայերեն_ (http://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Սիոնիզմ)
* _Hrvatski_ (http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cionizam)
* _Bahasa Indonesia_ (http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionisme)
* _Íslenska_ (http://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zíonismi)
* _Italiano_ (http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionismo)
* _עברית_ (http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ציונות)
* _Basa Jawa_ (http://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionisme)
* _ქართული_ (http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/სიონიზმი)
* _Қазақша_ (http://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Сионизм)
* _Kurdî_ (http://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyonîzm)
* _Ladino_ (http://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionizmo)
* _Latina_ (http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionismus)
* _Latviešu_ (http://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cionisms)
* _Lietuvių_ (http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionizmas)
* _Magyar_ (http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cionizmus)
* _Македонски_ (http://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ционизам)
* _മലയാളം_ (http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/സയണിസ്റ്റ്_
പ്രസ്ഥാനം)
* _مصرى_ (http://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/صهيونيه)
* _مازِرونی_ (http://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/صهیونیسم)
* _Bahasa Melayu_ (http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionisme)
* _Mirandés_ (http://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionismo)
* _Nederlands_ (http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionisme)
* _日本語_ (http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/シオニズム)
* _Norsk bokmål_ (http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionisme)
* _Norsk nynorsk_ (http://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionisme)
* _Occitan_ (http://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionisme)
* _پښتو_ (http://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/سهيونېزم)
* _Piemontèis_ (http://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionism)
* _Polski_ (http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syjonizm)
* _Português_ (http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionismo)
* _Română_ (http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionism)
* _Русский_ (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Сионизм)
* _Саха тыла_ (http://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Сионизм)
* _Sardu_ (http://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionismu)
* _Shqip_ (http://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cionizmi)
* _Simple English_ (http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism)
* _Slovenčina_ (http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionizmus)
* _Slovenščina_ (http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionizem)
* _کوردی_ (http://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/زایۆنیزم)
* _Српски / srpski_ (http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ционизам)
* _Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски_
(http://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cionizam)
* _Suomi_ (http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionismi)
* _Svenska_ (http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionism)
* _தமிழ்_ (http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/சீயோனிசம்)
* _ไทย_ (http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/ขบวนการไซออนิสต์)
* _Türkçe_ (http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyonizm)
* _Українська_ (http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Сіонізм)
* _اردو_ (http://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/صیہونیت)
* _Tiếng Việt_ (http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chủ_nghĩa_phục_quố
c_Do_Thái)
* _Walon_ (http://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyonisse)
* _Winaray_ (http://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionismo)
* _ייִדיש_ (http://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ציוניזם)
* _中文_ (http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/錫安主義)
* (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#)
_Edit links_ (http://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42388#sitelinks-wikipedia)
* This page was last modified on 3 September 2014 at 05:36.
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