Dr Johnson's book has given some formulas for impedance of microstrip and striplines. These formulas doesn't have frequency as one of their variables. Has Dr Johnson assumed certain frequency for deriving these formulas? How do high speed simulators like SpecctraQest or Hyperlynx work while calculating the impedance of a trace ? Is the rise time & frequency of signal the consideration while calculating the impedace. Please do help me. Regards Karan --------------------------------- Do you Yahoo!? Yahoo! SiteBuilder - Free, easy-to-use web site design software ------------------------------------------------------------------ To unsubscribe from si-list: si-list-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with 'unsubscribe' in the Subject field or to administer your membership from a web page, go to: //www.freelists.org/webpage/si-list For help: si-list-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with 'help' in the Subject field List archives are viewable at: //www.freelists.org/archives/si-list or at our remote archives: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/si-list/messages Old (prior to June 6, 2001) list archives are viewable at: http://www.qsl.net/wb6tpu