Hello SIers, This is a basic VNA question, yet I don't have clarity. In theory, S parameters are obtained by perfectly matching the relavant port impedances. For instance, considering a 2 port system, b1 = S11*a1 + S12*a2 b2 = S21*a1 + S22*a2 bi - reflected voltage ai - incident voltage S21 is obtained by ensuring a2 = 0, which implies perfect match at port 2. => S21 = b2/a1 In reality, however DUT impedances need not be 50ohms and is often not known. How does VNA ensure a2(reflected component at port2) equals zero ? Does VNAs have the mechanism to measure mismatch and account automatically? Thanks in advance, Jayaprakash. ===== Balachandran Jayaprakash Celestijnenlaan, 3/61, 3001, Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium. Mobile: +32-472-630120 __________________________________________________ Yahoo! Plus - For a better Internet experience http://uk.promotions.yahoo.com/yplus/yoffer.html ------------------------------------------------------------------ To unsubscribe from si-list: si-list-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with 'unsubscribe' in the Subject field or to administer your membership from a web page, go to: //www.freelists.org/webpage/si-list For help: si-list-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with 'help' in the Subject field List archives are viewable at: //www.freelists.org/archives/si-list or at our remote archives: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/si-list/messages Old (prior to June 6, 2001) list archives are viewable at: http://www.qsl.net/wb6tpu