Depends on the VNA architecture, but basically use a lot of averaging to improve s/n ratio. It improves as root N, e.g. averaging 16 sweeps results in a 4X (12 dB) improvement. For analog receiver type front ends use narrow BW and commensurately slow sweep rates. Orin -----Original Message----- From: si-list-bounce@xxxxxxxxxxxxx [mailto:si-list-bounce@xxxxxxxxxxxxx] On Behalf Of steve ham Sent: Tuesday, July 08, 2014 8:55 PM To: si-list Subject: [SI-LIST] How can we set up in VNA if insertion loss is extremely high, and noise floor is also pretty high in real measurement? How can we set up in VNA if insertion loss is extremely high, and= noise floor is also pretty high in real measurement? ------From = SIPI Exchange:http://localhost:50374/Question/Details?id=3D10219'= > ------ ------------------------------------------------------------------ To unsubscribe from si-list: si-list-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with 'unsubscribe' in the Subject field or to administer your membership from a web page, go to: //www.freelists.org/webpage/si-list For help: si-list-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with 'help' in the Subject field List forum is accessible at: http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/si-list List archives are viewable at: //www.freelists.org/archives/si-list Old (prior to June 6, 2001) list archives are viewable at: http://www.qsl.net/wb6tpu ------------------------------------------------------------------ To unsubscribe from si-list: si-list-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with 'unsubscribe' in the Subject field or to administer your membership from a web page, go to: //www.freelists.org/webpage/si-list For help: si-list-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with 'help' in the Subject field List forum is accessible at: http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/si-list List archives are viewable at: //www.freelists.org/archives/si-list Old (prior to June 6, 2001) list archives are viewable at: http://www.qsl.net/wb6tpu