The in-house field solver we had at Compaq/HP did not use perfect conductors for ground. It rolls both the ground and signal conductor losses together into the model you create. I would guess that many other field solvers do the same. SPICE t-line models (and W-line models are probably in the same boat) might seem to have a perfect ground because you normally connect the reference nodes at both ends together to the same ideal GND (node 0). But that's not the same thing as treating the ground as ideal. T-line models can be thought of as being transformer coupled; what comes out on the far end is isolated from ground and you get the same differential output signal whether you connect the far end's reference node to GND or to any other arbitrary node. The SPICE t-line model represents only the differential propagating mode, but it can correctly include ground losses with that mode. The Berkeley SPICE documentation talked about using two T-line models to represent both even and odd modes of a single two-conductor transmission line. Regards, Andy ------------------------------------------------------------------ To unsubscribe from si-list: si-list-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with 'unsubscribe' in the Subject field or to administer your membership from a web page, go to: //www.freelists.org/webpage/si-list For help: si-list-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with 'help' in the Subject field List archives are viewable at: //www.freelists.org/archives/si-list or at our remote archives: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/si-list/messages Old (prior to June 6, 2001) list archives are viewable at: http://www.qsl.net/wb6tpu