canto Xy (X= affected) say he has 4 daughters for the example. they are xX and xX and xX and xX. they would have inherited one copy of the female chromosome from their mother and since canto was affected they got his only female AFFECTED chromosome from him. so ALL of canto's daughters would be carriers. when those daughters were bred, they had a 50% chance of passing on the mutated X or the normal x thus 50% of THEIR daughters could be carriers and this was over 30 yrs ago. there was not a 100% chance of being a carrier unless you were a direct canto daughter. 50% of their sons could be affected. his sons were not affected as his sons would not inherit the FEMALE chromosome from him, only the y and they would get their x from whoever their mother was. this is not vwd. vwd is different in the GSD than in other breeds. there are dogs that score low normals, it is not common to have a bleeder like a dobie. if someone is going to test as kathy said, it's not the same as in other breeds. don't waste your $ on a it. google jean dodds, hemopet i believe is her company and she can tell you where to get the test done. susan Sander-Haus German Shepherd Dogs www.Sander-Haus.com Members of GSDCA, WDA, SV of Germany Selectively breeding, not mass producing! ============================================================================ POST is Copyrighted 2012. All material remains the property of the original author and of GSD Communication, Inc. NO REPRODUCTIONS or FORWARDS of any kind are permitted without prior permission of the original author AND of the Showgsd-l Management. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Each Author is responsible for the content of his/her post. This group and its administrators are not responsible for the comments or opinions expressed in any post. ALL PERSONS ARE ON NOTICE THAT THE FORWARDING, REPRODUCTION OR USE IN ANY MANNER OF ANY MATERIAL WHICH APPEARS ON SHOWGSD-L WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PERMISSION OF ALL PARTIES TO THE POST AND THE LIST MANAGEMENT IS EXPRESSLY FORBIDDEN, AND IS A VIOLATION OF LAW. VIOLATORS OF THIS PROHIBITION WILL BE PROSECUTED. For assistance, please contact the List Management at admin@xxxxxxxxxxx VISIT OUR WEBSITE - http://showgsd.org SUBSCRIPTION:http://showgsd.org/mail.html NATIONAL BLOG - http://gsdnational.blogspot.com/ ============================================================================