David, Actually, they are both very smart questions. And there is such a thing as a dumb question. For limiting magnitude, you should pull out all the stops, and use averted vision. You mentioned "at the zenith" which is actually only a point exactly straight overhead. That's a good approximation where to look for your faintest star, but you might have to compromise using the charts you have. Try to find a field whose altitude is at least 45 degrees, or better yet 60 degrees. It's best not to do the limiting magnitude test around Polaris, as you are certainly losing some starlight and contrast that low in the sky. Binoviewers can help with the aesthetic aspect of telescopic views, but they can only harm seeing faint detail. Even if there was a hypothetical *zero* light loss in splitting the beam, each eyepiece is seeing half of your scope's light-gathering area. In other words, a binoviewer makes a 12-inch telescope behave like two 8.5-inch telescopes. So each eyepiece loses 0.75 magnitudes relative to cyclops observing. The best expert on binoviewers I know of, Ed Zarenski, says that the commonly accepted magnitude *gain* using two eyes is about 0.3 magnitudes. So even if you "re-gain" all this light thanks to your physiology, you still lose nearly half a magnitude when you look through a binoviewer. But be careful who you tell this to. I have learned the hard way that it can be difficult to convince those who have dropped a grand on a binoviewer that it reduces their limiting magnitude. Tom