On normalisation - it is probably worth pointing out that - although eliminating redundancy is indeed an important part of the process - it is only a part. Other activities include resolving inter-key and inter-attribute dependencies. Irrespective of the particular mechanisms applied in the process of normalisation (of which the above are examples), the whole thrust is to ensure that one creates a logical, internally consistent data model, which is then implemented by the RDBMS - and that is the great strength of the RDBMS - it supports the physical implementation of a correctly designed logical data model (well, with certain caveats according to the product). The process of normalisation is the product of sound reasoning. The benefit of applying the process is that, if the results of a data query should ever be challenged, one can turn to the data model design and demonstrate totally unambiguously that there are no inconsistencies in that design, therefore the query outputs MUST be correct. Err, this could be rather important... If you are querying from a non-normalised data model, you can never claim that assurance. And if that assurance is not required, well, as Jared said, why bother with the expense of an RDBMS - use a text file with sed/grep etc.... peter edinburgh -- mailto:pgro@xxxxxxxxx ********************************************************************* This e-mail message, and any files transmitted with it, are confidential and intended solely for the use of the addressee. If this message was not addressed to you, you have received it in error and any copying, distribution or other use of any part of it is strictly prohibited. Any views or opinions presented are solely those of the sender and do not necessarily represent those of the British Geological Survey. The security of e-mail communication cannot be guaranteed and the BGS accepts no liability for claims arising as a result of the use of this medium to transmit messages from or to the BGS. . http://www.bgs.ac.uk ********************************************************************* ---------------------------------------------------------------- Please see the official ORACLE-L FAQ: http://www.orafaq.com ---------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe send email to: oracle-l-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx put 'unsubscribe' in the subject line. -- Archives are at //www.freelists.org/archives/oracle-l/ FAQ is at //www.freelists.org/help/fom-serve/cache/1.html -----------------------------------------------------------------