You could say the "buffer" is "one", in the sense that first_rows historically was an optimization facility to get the very first row back as quickly as possible...but you could probably just as easily say "first rows = nested loops if possible", or "first rows = rule with a cost number to make you feel better about things" :-) -- Connor McDonald =========================== email: connor_mcdonald@xxxxxxxxx web: http://www.oracledba.co.uk "Semper in excremento, sole profundum qui variat"